STAC* 
AHNi* 


329 


€t/CO?    TOUS    r^llov^    TOt? 

/jL€i%o<n  xpfjo-dat.  —  Ranae  1060. 


THE  LANGUAGE  OF  PARODY 


A  STUDY  IN  THE  DICTION  OF  ARISTOPHANES. 


BY 

EDWARD  WILLIAM  HOPE 


SUBMITTED    TO  THE  BOARD  OF  UNIVERSITY  STUDIES  OF  THE  JOHNS  HOPKINS  UNIVERSITY 

IN  CONFORMITY    WITH  THE   REQUIREMENTS  FOR  THE  DEGREE  OF 

DOCTOR  OF  PHILOSOPHY 

19O5 


Library  Facility 


BALTIMORE 

J.    H.    FURST    COMPANY 
1906 


et/eo?  row     jfiieovs  rot? 

. — Ranae  1060. 


THE  LANGUAGE  OF  PARODY 


A  STUDY  IN  THE  DICTION  OF  ARISTOPHANES. 


BY 

EDWARD  WILLIAM   HOPE 


Dissertation 


SUnMITTKD    TO  THE  BOARD  OF  UNIVERSITY  STUDIES  OK  THE  JOHNS  HOPKINS  UNIVERSITY 

IN  CONFORMITY    WITH  THE    REQUIREMENTS  FOR  THE  DEGREE  OF 

DOCTOR  OF  PHILOSOPHY 

1905 


BALTIMORE 

J.    H.    FURST    COMPANY 
1906 


TO 

AUGUSTUS  TABER  MURRAY. 


2004143 


INTRODUCTION. 


Although  the  subject  of  "  parody  in  the  Greek  Comic  poets " 
has  claimed  the  attention  of  many  scholars  from  time  to  time, 
forming  a  theme  for  dissertations  and  more  pretentious  works, 
there  has  been  no  systematic  treatment  of  the  language  of  parody 
aiming  to  give  a  full  collection  of  those  words  by  which  the 
writers  of  the  old  comedy  secured  their  parodic  effects.  It  is 
this  work  which  I  have  tried  to  do  for  Aristophanes.  The  fol- 
lowing pages  contain  what  professes  to  be,  however  insufficient 
it  may  be  found,  a  complete  list 1  of  those  words  by  the  use  of 
which  Aristophanes  departs  from  the  usage  of  the  ordinary 
Athenian  life  of  his  day,  and  rises  to  the  loftier  tone  of  tragedy 
or  other  kinds  of  poetry.  There  will  be  found,  moreover,  many 
words  not  belonging  to  this  higher  sphere  which  are  yet  used  in 
parody.  Such  are  those  dialectical  words  with  which  Aristo- 
phanes knows  so  well  how  to  depict  the  manners  of  his  provincial 
fellow-countrymen  from  Boiotia,  Megara  and  Lakedaimon.  In 
this  part  I  have  not  thought  it  worth  while  to  collect  mere  dia- 
lectical variants  of  words  which  were  current  in  Attic,  but  have 
included  only  such  as  are  not  at  home  in  any  shape  on  Attic  soil. 

The  places  where  the  higher  tone  is  consciously  sought  coin- 
cide, in  large  measure,  with  those  which  have  been  shown  by 
Scholiasts  and  modern  scholars  to  be  parody  or  paratragedy ;  but 
not  unfrequently  poetic  words  spring  up  from  surroundings 
which  seem  quite  sober  and  matter-of-fact,  and  a  closer  study  is 
often  necessary  to  enable  one  to  see  why  they  are  used.  Thus  the 
formal  limits  of  known  parody  are  too  narrow,  and  many  words 
in  the  subsequent  pages,  though  not  found  in  parodic  lines,  have, 
nevertheless,  a  poetic  tinge. 

On  the  other  hand  all  travesty  does  not   contain  words  dis- 

1  With  the  limitation  stated  on    page  6   regarding  words  occurring  only   in 
lyric  verse. 

1 


2  Introduction. 

tinctively  poetic,  since  it  is  born  often,  not  of  words,  but  from 
various  relations  which  are  connected  with  the  thought  rather 
than  with  its  form  of  expression.  One  common  example  of  this 
is  where  the  poet  joins  to  weighty  or  lofty  themes,  things  that 
are  trivial — often  vulgar.  Here  the  words  themselves  may  be 
quite  colorless.  "W.  Kibbeck  points  out  that  parody  often  consists 
in  holding  up  to  view  the  ordinary  affairs  of  daily  occurrence, 
and,  naturally,  in  this  case,  no  further  embellishment  of  language 
is  necessary.  Another  method  is  employed  where  words  of  the 
common  crafts  are  used  to  describe  work  of  a  higher  nature.  An 
example  of  this  may  be  seen  at  Thes.  52  ff.  (See  also  under 
re/cro)!/).  In  the  former  case  Aristophanes  is  not  ridiculing  the 
words  of  the  writer  quoted,  but  uses  them  simply  because  the 
thoughts  fit  what  he  is  himself  thinking  to  say.  The  situations 
are  parallel,  but  on  different  levels.  (See  Eq.  1250).  Still 
another  kind  consists  in  the  substitution  of  a  vulgar  or  common- 
place word  for  the  tragic  expression  resembling  it  in  form  or 
sound.  Ex.  Ach.  119,  where  Trp&Krdv  is  put  in  the  place  of  the 
original  a-TrXdy^vov.  Other  examples  can  be  found  from  the 
cross-references. 

Certain  characters  can  always  be  expected  to  speak  in  an 
exalted  way.  Euripides,  as  we  might  suppose,  nearly  always 
uses  the  language  of  the  tragic-stage,  and  he  is  followed  in  this 
by  his  relative.  Aischylos,  also,  uses  a  lofty  style  of  speech,  but 
his  diction,  unlike  that  of  Euripides,  is  thickly  sown  with  epic 
words.  For  Aristophanes,  Aischylos  is  the  poet  of  the  good  and 
glorious  past.  His  type  of  mind  belonged  to  the  heroic  times 
— his  plays  concerned  themselves  with  epic  subjects,  and  to 
emphasize  these  facts  Aischylos  not  only  uses  epic  words,  but  is 
sometimes  represented  as  writing  in  hexameters,  at  least  his 
critic,  Euripides,  uses  hexameter  verse  when  "taking  off"  the 
manner  of  his  adversary.  (See  Ran.  1273,  1276,  1533).  La- 
machos,  in  whom  Hartung  saw  a  parody  of  Achilles,  uses  many 
epic  and  tragic  words.  His  son,  who  appears  in  the  Pax,  uses 
epic  words  chiefly,  since  during  his  whole  stay  on  the  stage  he 
is  reciting  battle  scenes  from  Homer.  Polemos  and  Kydoimos 
also  use  heroic  language.  The  stately  quack,  Sokrates,  and  his 


Introduction.  3 

other  self,  the  aSwco?  Xctyo?,  in  the  Clouds,  remind  us  constantly 
of  Euripides.  And  so  when  others  come  into  contact  with  the 
foregoing  characters,  they  are  straightway  kindled  into  flame  and 
would  speak  with  "  all  the  charm  of  all  the  Muses,"  either  in 
mockery  as  when  Dikaiopolis  meets  Euripides  on  his  own  level 
in  the  Acharnians,  or  out  of  vanity,  as  is  the  case  with  Strep- 
siades,  who  is  comically  dazzled  by  Sokrates'  bombast.  On  the 
same  principle  servants  are  apt  to  speak  in  the  fashion  of  their 
masters.  (See  Ach.  1174  ff.,  Thes.  39  ff.). 

A  close  comparison  of  the  kinds  of  words  used  by  different 
speakers  throughout  the  plays  is  very  illuminating  at  times. 
Attention  may  here  be  called  to  a  fact  that,  so  far  as  I  know, 
has  never  been  specially  emphasized  in  this  connection.  It  is 
repeatedly  the  case  that  after  a  poetical  word  has  been  used  by 
one  character  in  the  drama,  another,  within  the  next  line  or  two, 
will  refer  to  the  same  object,  but  in  doing  so  will  use  the  prosaic 
equivalent  for  the  poetic  word,  or  the  Attic  equivalent,  if  an 
Ionic  or  otherwise  un- Attic  word  has  preceded.  A  few  examples 
will  suffice  to  make  this  clear:  Ran.  1378,  cf.  1381,  1365 
(o-Talfyto?  —  TrXao-Ttyl).  Pax  933,  cf.  937,  949  (oi?  —  Tr/oo'/Saroi/). 
Lys.  94,  cf.  96,  97  ((iv0i£a> — Xeyw).  There  are  numerous 
instances  of  this  close  connection  of  picturesque  and  prosaic  words, 
and  it  frequently  amounts  to  a  clear  proof  that  Aristophanes  used 
the  unusual  word  designedly,  since  the  plain  word  following 
would  make  the  other  more  conspicuous.  The  nearer  or  more 
olosely  connected  in  thought  the  two  words  are,  the  easier  it  is  to 
believe  in  this.  Less  striking  as  a  proof,  but  perhaps  equally 
valid,  is  the  use  of  prosaic  synonyms  in  places  further  removed 
from  the  word  in  question,  but  where  the  situation  described  or 
the  character  of  the  thought  is  similar.  Often  observation  of 
these  things  brings  with  it  the  most  trustworthy  evidence  for  the 
character  of  any  word.  The  quality,  or,  so  to  speak,  the  color 
of  the  poet's  feeling  that  appears  in  his  choice  of  this  or  that  word 
must  be  discerned.  It  happens  very  frequently  that  this  internal 
criticism  is  the  only  means  we  have  of  judging,  owing  to  the 
rarity  or  non-appearance  of  the  word  elsewhere  in  extant  litera- 
ture. How  very  different  might  our  judgments  be  if  we  had  a 


4  Introduction. 

really  large  mass  of  good  prose  literature  of  Aristophanes'  period  ! 
The  use  of  this  method  for  determinining  the  nature  of  a  word 
may  prove  deceptive  if  the  latter  occurs  but  once,  for  the  parody 
may  be  expressed  by  another  word,  or  not  in  words  at  all,  but  in 
the  situation,  as  said  above.  It  is  more  certain  when  the  same 
word  occurs  in  parody  several  times.  Consequently,  the  status 
of  a  word  of  one  occurrence  ought  to  be  judged  more  rigidly  by 
its  use  in  other  authors.  This  external  evidence  is  more  valuable 
for  positive  than  for  'negative  conclusions.  It  cannot,  for  exam- 
ple, be  said  with  assurance  that  the  non-use  of  a  word  by  prose 
writers  proves  it  to  be  poetic,  for : — 1)  the  authors  consulted  may 
have  had  no  occasion  to  use  the  word,  or  2)  it  may  have  occurred 
in  prose  that  has  been  lost.  The  case  is  different,  though,  where 
all  prose  writers  agree  in  consistently  refusing  to  use  a  word 
which  at  the  same  time  occurs  in  poetry,  while  they  do  use  a 
synonym.  On  the  other  hand  if  a  word  can  be  shown  to  be  in 
use  in  prose  writers  of,  or  just  before  Aristophanes'  time,  there 
could  be  no  excuse  for  his  not  using  it  excepting  that  he  did  not 
wish  to  do  so,  but  preferred  to  use  the  word  of  our  text  for  a 
special  reason  (generally  a  humorous  one). 

As  before  said,  if  a  word  is  found  several  times  and  always  in 
parody,  we  may  feel  assured  it  does  not  belong  to  the  speech  of 
every  day  life,  but  serves  as  a  vehicle  for  the  poet's  humor. 
Unfortunately,  this  is  only  rarely  the  case — most  of  the  following 
words  occurring  both  in  and  outside  of  parody.  This  makes 
classification  hard  and  uncertain  in  many  instances.  The  sort  of 
evidence  to  be  used  in  classifying  words  may  be  indicated  at  this 
point.  It  consists  in  finding  the  answers  to  such  questions  as 
these :  In  what  kind  of  metre  is  the  word  prevailingly  found  ? 
What  prose  writers  use  it  ?  What  poets  ?  How  often  ?  In  what 
way?  Does  it  prevail  in  poetry  or  in  prose?  What  characters 
in  our  plays  use  it  ?  or  in  addressing  whom  ?  or  hi  speaking  of 
whom  ?  Was  there  any  other  word  that  could  have  been  used  ?  Is 
it  a  favorite  with  any  particular  author  ?  If  a  word  is  common 
in  Euripides,  we  may  feel  sure  that  Aristophanes  uses  it  for  the 
purpose  of  parodying  Euripides'  diction,  and  so  with  Aischylos. 

Quite  commonly  a  word  which  seems  to  belong  to  the  higher 


Introduction.      .  5 

style  of  Aristophanes  is  used  by  one  or  more  writers  of  classic 
prose.  In  such  cases  the  principle  I  have  followed  is  this  :  If 
the  Orators  (especially  the  later  ones)  use  the  word  in  a  natural 
and  sober  way,  it  may  be  taken  as  good  evidence  that  the  word 
is  not  poetic,  and  only  the  decided,  consistent  use  of  Aristophanes 
himself  should  be  allowed  to  outweigh  such'  evidence.  Of  course, 
different  prose  writers  have  widely  different  values  as  evidence 
for  standard  prose  usage.  Of  the  Orators — Autiphon,  Andokides, 
Aischines,  use  many  tragic  and  poetic  words  without  rising  above 
their  ordinary  level  very  much  to  do  so.  This  fact  makes  them 
of  no  great  authority  in  this  sphere.  Plato,  as  every  reader 
knows,  is  brimful  of  poetry,  and  the  poetic  words  seem  to  be 
welded  to  his  thought.  At  other  times  he  formally  quotes  or 
brings  such  words  up  for  discussion.  He  is  never  on  the  earth 
for  very  long  at  a  time.  Xenophon,  too,  abounds  in  poetic  and 
un- Attic  words,  and  Thukydides  alone  would  not  prove  a  word 
to  be  standard  Attic  prose.  Herodotos  has  many  words  in  com- 
mon with  tragedy,  especially  with  Sophoklean  tragedy.  As  to 
Aristotle  it  is  difficult  to  estimate  his  value  for  purposes  of 
classification.  Certainly  it  is  not  very  great.  Perhaps  the  best 
rule  is  to  allow  him  to  rank  as  a  trustworthy  witness  for  prose 
usage  in  the  case  of  those  words  which  he,  as  a  scientific  writer, 
would  naturally  have  needed  in  classifying,  defining  and  explain- 
ing.1 Taken  singly,  then,  these  writers  would  not  have  decisive 
weight,  but  with  two  or  more  of  them  the  case  might  be  different 
— always  remembering  that  Aristophanes  himself  is  a  better 
guide  for  his  own  diction  than  any  other  writer  can  be. 

If  a  word  has  no  synonym, — if  it  is  a  vox  propria,  as  such  it 
belongs  no  more  to  one  writer  than  to  another, — no  more  to 
poetry  than  to  prose,  but  would  be  used  by  all  writers  who  had 
occasion  to  speak  of  the  object  which  it  names.  Thus,  synonyms 
are  a  great  help  in  classifying  words.  Another  help  may  be 
mentioned  here  in  this  connection,  and  as  supplementing  those 
before  referred  to — viz.  the  proximity  of  other  picturesque  words 

1  No  account  has  been  taken  of  occurrences  in  prose  writers  later  than  Aristotle, 
as  they  are  without  value  for  our  purposes. 


6  Introduction. 

and  their  number.  Parodic  words  occur  in  patches  or  bunches. 
Often  for  several  pages  there  will  not  be  an  unusual  word.  The 
tone  continues  placidly  discursive  and  colorless.  Then,  all  at 
once,  an  exciting  element  is  introduced — a  new  character,  a  word 
(dropped  as  if  by  accident)  which  suggests  an  opportunity  for 
parody,  and  immediately  there  is  a  shower  of  poetic  words. 
When  we  have  struck  one  of  these  veins,  we  naturally  look  more 
carefully  for  the  nuggets  lying  about. 

The  plays  differ  greatly  in  the  amount  of  parody  they  contain. 
In  the  Frogs,  where  Euripides  and  Aischylos  wrangle,  while 
Dionysos  and  the  chorus  stand  by  to  judge  and  mock,  we  have 
the  greatest  amount  of  parody.  Next  comes  the  Thesmophoria- 
zusai  with  Euripides  and  his  relative,  quoting  tags  of  tragic  verses 
to  each  other  in  antiphonal  chant,  while  Agathon  and  his  servant 
help  to  swell  the  total.  The  Acharnians  and  the  Birds  both  have 
considerable  parody,  while  the  Lysistrata  has  very  little,  etc.,  etc. 

A  word  must  be  said  about  metres.  I  have  included  in  this 
treatise  only  those  words  which  occur  in  iambic  trimeter,  iambic 
tetrameter  (iamb,  tetr.),  trochaic  tetrameter  (troch.  tetr.),  ana- 
paestic tetrameter  (anap.  tetr.),  and  hexameter  (hex.),  though 
attention  will  always  be  called  to  the  fact  of  a  word  occurring 
only  in  the  last  named  metre.  In  other  words,  my  object  has 
been  chiefly  to  collect  only  in  the  metres  used  in  dialogue. 
Words  that  occur  ONLY  in  lyric  lines  have  not  been  included, 
and  all  occurring  exclusively  in  metres  other  than  trimeter  have 
been  marked. 

In  arranging  my  material  I  have  made  10  divisions  under 
which  to  group  the  words:  1)  epic,  2)  lyric,  3)  tragic,  4)  poetic, 
5)  Ionic,  6)  old- Attic,  7)  Doric,  8)  doubtful,  9)  obsolete,  10)  un- 
Attic. 

Of  course  many  of  4,  5,  6  cannot  be  distinguished,  and  it  is 
understood  that  all  these  divisions  overlap  each  other  for  the  most 
part.  Only  the  general  tendency  of  a  word  toward  one  or  more 
of  the  above  divisions  is  defined.  What  Aristophanes  felt  the 
word  to  be  has  in  many  cases  determined  what  number  should  be 
affixed.  For  example,  if  a  word  occurs  prevailingly  in  tragic 
parody,  it  is  marked  with  a  3,  in  spite  of  the  fact  that  it  occurs 


Introduction.  7 

in  epic  and  lyric  poetry  as  well.  Still  I  think  in  every  case  I 
have  noted  its  use  in  other  classes  than  that  to  which  its  number 
assigns  it.  The  number  4  is  broader  and  more  undefined  than 
the  previous  three. 

I  have  used  the  text  of  Bergk  (second  edition)  for  the  eleven 
plays,  but  for  the  fragments  I  have  followed  Koch's  numbering 
in  the  new  Oxford  edition.  References  to  the  tragic  fragments 
are  made  in  accordance  with  the  arrangement  of  Nauck's  Tragi- 
corum  Grsecorum  Fragmenta  (second  edition). 

The  books  which  have  been  found  most  helpful,  and  to  whose 
authors  I  desire  to  make  special  acknowledgment  for  the  full 
freedom  I  have  used  in  taking  from  their  works  all  that  helped 
me  in  mine,  are  the  following  : 

W.  H.  Van  De  Sande  Bakhuyzen  "De  Parodia  in  Comcediis 
Aristophanis,"  1877. 

J.  Van  Leeuwen — editions  of  the  separate  plays. 

Schmidt's  Synonyms. 

R.  A.  Neil,  "  The  Knights  of  Aristophanes,"  Cambridge  Univ. 
Press,  1901. 

W.  J.  M.  Starkie,  "The  Wasps."     London,  1897. 

H.  Van  Herwerden,  ' Api<TTo<j>dvovs  dpr\vT],  Lugduni-Bata- 
vorum,  1897. 

Koch,  "  Komodien  des  Aristophanes."  Dritte  Auflage.  Ber- 
lin, 1876. 

W.  Gunion  Rutherford,  "The  New  Phrynichus,"  London, 
1881,  (esp.  the  first  two  chapters.)  1 

Blayde's  complete  edition  of  the  plays  and  fragments. 

Henricus  Wittekind,  "  Sermo  Sophocleus  quatenus  cum  scripto- 
ribus  lonicis  congruat  differat  ab  Atticis."  Budingae,  1895. 

O.  Diener,  "  De  Sermone  Thucydidis  quatenus  cum  Herodoto 
congruens  differat  a  scriptoribus  Atticis."  Leipzig,  1889. 

C.  L.  lungius,  "  De  vocabulis  antiquae  comcedise  atticse  quse 
apud  solos  comicos  aut  omnino  inveniuntur  aut  peculiari  notione 
prsedita  occurunt."  1897. 

1  Views  opposed  to  those  here  set  forth  may  be  found  in  an  article  entitled 
"The  language  of  tragedy  and  its  relation  to  old-Attic,"  by  James  Dennison 
Rogers,  in  the  American  Journal  of  Philology,  Vol.  xxv,  p.  285. 


8  Introduction. 

Gustavus  Sauppe,  "  Lexilogus  Xenophonteus  sive  index  Xeno- 
phontis  Grammaticus."  Lipsise,  1869. 

On  parody  in  general  :  Especially  suggestive  has  been  a  Johns 
Hopkins  dissertation  "On  Parody  and  Paratragoedia  in  Aris- 
tophanes with  especial  reference  to  his  Scenes  and  Situations." 
By  Augustus  T.  Murray.  Berlin,  1891. 

Woldemar  Kibbeck,  "  De  usu  parodiae  apud  comicos  Athenien- 
sium."  Pars  I  (continens  epicorum  parodias). 

Id.,  Die  Parodieeu  bei  den  Attischen  Komikern.  Zweiter 
Theil.  Berlin,  1863. 

Id.,  Die  dramatischen  Parodieen  bei  den  Att.  Kom.  Epime- 
trum  commentarii  in  Acharnenses  Aristophanis."  Lipsise,  1864. 

For  other  literature  bearing  on  this  subject  see  Starkie,  "  Wasps 
of  Aristophanes,"  p.  85. 

An  indispensable  aid  have  been  the  Indexes  of  Caravella,  Din- 
dorf,  Ellendt,  Rumpel,  Gehring,  Von  Essen,  Preuss,  Holmes, 
Forman,  Ast,  Sturz,  Nauck  and  Schweighaeuser. 

For  Euripides  we  unfortunately  have  no  sufficient  index,  and 
it  may  well  be  that  statements  made  on  the  basis  of  the  one  I 
have  used — the  one  which  forms  the  last  volume  of  the  old  Glas- 
gow edition — may  prove  to  be  inaccurate  or  insufficient. 

Of  course,  constant  use  has  been  made  of  the  general  lexicons 
of  Stephanus,  and  Liddell  and  Scott,  and  the  supplementary 
Lexicon  of  Van  Herwerden  has  been  very  serviceable. 


THE   LANGUAGE   OF   PARODY. 
A   STUDY  IN  THE   DICTION   OF  ARISTOPHANES. 


A. 

a.1-3  Vesp.  1379  (bis).  Thes.  689.  Kan.  759.  Plut.  127, 
1052  (bis).  Prose  :  Plato  Hipp.  Mai.  295  A. 

a/3uo-<705.3  Lys.  174.  Ran.  138.  Aischylos  is  fond  of  the 
word.  Prose  :  Hdt.  2,  28.  Cf.  Plato  Parmen.  130  D.  Cf.  j3v0&. 

ayavds.*  Vesp.  1467.  Lys.  886,  1109.  Twice  only  in  tragedy  : 
Aisch.  Ag.  101.  Eur.  I.  A.  601.  It  has  no  prose  warrant, 
since  Plato  Repb.  364  D  is  from  Homer. 

07705  4  for  ayyelov  or  vSpia.  Ach.  936  (cf.  940).  fr.  234. 
511.  No  example  in  cl.  prose.  See  Rutherford  New  Phryii. 
p.  23.  See  Trpo'^oo?. 

farfpao**'*  Once  in  anapaestic  verse:  Av.  689.  The  whole 
passage  abounds  in  epic  words.  The  prose  form  ay^pw<;  occurs  in 
passages  where  a  rather  poetical  tone  is  struck  :  Thucyd.  2,  43. 
Plato  Phil.  15  D.  Tim.  33  A.  Politic.  273  E.  Legg.  947  D. 
ayr/paro?  is  used  by  Lysias,  Xen.,  Plato. 

ayicv\oxfaW'1  Eq.  197  (hex.),  204.  See  Batr.  295.  Hesiod. 
Sc.  405.  Not  in  Homer,  Pindar,  tragedy.  Cf.  Homeric  aytcv- 


4     Once  in  trochaic  line  :  Lys.  640.     Epic  and  lyric  in 
its  range. 

ayoprjrris  1  for  'pJTcop.     Nub.   1057  (see  line).     Cf.  II.  1,  248. 

aypios.s  In  the  sense  in  which  it  is  used  at  Thes.  455  it  is 
descriptive  of  the  ill  treatment  women  suifered  from  Euripides. 
Note  the  pun  in  the  next  line.  The  oft-recurring  sly  hit  at 
Euripides'  mother  is  obvious.  Bakhuyzen  says  in  this  sense  it  is 
foreign  to  comedy.  For  other  meanings  see  Nub.  349,  567. 
Vesp.  705.  Thes.  47.  Plut.  298.  Cf.  o^Xw. 

9 


10  The  Language  of  Parody. 


ayvid  l'  s  for  oSds,  afi^oSo?.  Only  in  the  religious  phrase  icvio-av 
ayvids  :  Eq.  1320.  Av.  1233.  Cf.  Dem.  c.  Mid.  530.  Xen. 
Kyr.  2,  4,  3.  For  the  parody  in  Av.  1233  see  Bakhuyzen  ad  loc. 

ajxpvr).3  Ach.  125.  This  is  rather  close  to  Eur.  Herakl.  246, 
of  which  it  may  be  a  parody.  See  also  Bacch.  246.  Soph.  O.  R. 
1374.  Prose  :  Aischines  2,  38.  Aristotle. 

aSuro?  or  aSvTov.1  Once  in  hex.  :  Eq.  1016.  Plato  Theait. 
162  A,  but  in  a  fig.  sense. 

aevaos*  for  cu'Sto?,  alwvios,  cwe^r)*;.  Nub.  275  (lyr.).  Ran. 
146  (Herakles),  1309  (parody  of  Eur.  fr.  856).  At  Ran.  146 
the  word  used  elsewhere  of  clouds  and  waves  is  combined  with  a 
vulgar  word  (tric&p)  to  bring  out  the  humor  of  the  dialogue, 
which  Herakles  and  Dionysos  are  holding  in  grandiloquent  style. 
Prose  :  Xen.  Ages.  1,  20.  Kyr.  4,  2,  44.  Plato  Legg.  966  E. 
Phaidon  111  D  (both  poetic). 

aepio?.2  Nub.  337  (par.  of  dithyrambic  poets).  Av.  1389 
(Kinesias).  Prose  :  [Plato]  Ep.  984  D.  Aristotle,  etc.  In 
tragedy  only  in  lyrics. 

aepoSovrjTos.2  Only  in  a  parody  :  Av.  1385  (Kinesias).  Ar. 
has  coined  the  word.  Cf.  Trre/aoSoi/T/TO?,  Soz/e<a>,  vuf>d/3o\o<;  (Av. 
952,  1385),  v<^>avToB6vr}Tov  (Av.  943).  Compound  words  are 
poetic  in  their  nature  ;  Aristotle  says  their  use  is  one  of  the  marks 
of  the  dithyrambic  poets. 

affvpwTOS.3  Ran.  838  (Eur.  in  par.)  v.  1.  aTruXwro?.  Cf. 
Eur.  Or.  903.  Soph.  Ph.  187.  Phryn.  Com.  incert.  15. 

alai.3  Ach.  1083  (Lamachos),  1084.  Lys.  961.  Thes.  885 
(Eur.),  1042,  1128  (Eur.  fr.  139).  The  single  at  Plut.  706. 

euyuihk*  Vesp.  110.  Prose:  Thuc.  1,  7.  Xen.  An.  6,  4,  4. 
Hdt.  freq.  (see  Diener). 

alSeopai  (/car-)3  for  <re)9o/xat.  Only  in  par.  :  Nub.  1468  (see 
Porson  ad  Medeam  1314  ;  Nauck  trag.  fr.  adesp.  59).  See  Nub. 
293.  Thes.  123.  Prose  :  Xen.  Kyr.  8,  7,  22.  Hdt.  3,  72,  77 
(only  places  in  cl.  prose). 

aWa\oo>  (/car-.3  Only  in  this  compd.  in  Ar.).  Av.  1242 
(ptg.),  1248  (par.  cf.  Aisch.  fr.  160),  1261  (metaph.  of  love). 
Cf.  o-rroSlfa  (Vesp.  329),  7rv/wro\&>  (Nub.  1497,  Vesp.  1079), 
KaTai8et,v  (Thes.  727),  efjarffarfnjfu  (Nub.  1484.  Thes.  749  etc.). 


The  Language  of  Parody.  11 

oi#o9.3'8  Thes.  246.  The  comic  situation  here  is  just  the  place 
for  a  tragic  word.  Moreover  the  noun  aWos  is  Euripidean,  and 
as  it  is  Euripides  who  is  doing  the  burning,  probably  Ar.  uses  the 
word  designedly. 

ai0o>  (tear-3' 8).  Thes.  727,  730.  Not  in  the  epos  or  cl.  prose. 
Eur.  has  it  twice,  Aisch.  once. 

alfjLaro7royrr}<;.1       Eq.    198    (hex.),    208.       Cf.     fya\afcro'jrorr)<f) 
(Thes.  393). 

Par.  only :  Ran.  471  (Eur.  fr.  383).    Kock 
compares  Aisch.  Ag.  1309.     Sept.  836. 

alfAardco  (ica0-s.  Only  in  this  compd.  in  Ar.)  :  Thes.  695  (par. 
Eur.  Telephos).  KaOaipdaa-a)  is  used  in  the  same  sense  by  Plato 
Phaidr.  254  E. 

alviyfjuk 3- 8  for  aLviypa.  Ran.  61  (Dionysos).  Prose  :  Plato 
Tim.  72  B.  See  yptyos  (Vesp.  20).  cuviypa  is  the  regular  form 
in  prose  and  tragedy,  our  word  occurring  but  twice  in  all  tragedy  : 
Eur.  Phoin.  1353.  Rhes.  754. 

ato-to?.1  Only  in  hex.  :  Ran.  1276  (par.  Aisch.  Ag.  104). 
Many  words  that  Ar.  quotes  from  Aisch.  will  be  found  to  be  epic. 
Prose  :  Xen.  Kyr.  2,  4,  19  (of  an  omen). 

aiYt'^ft).1     Only  in  hex. :  Pax  120.     Prose  form  euVeco. 

ata>.1  Only  in  par.  :  Nub.  1166  (Eur.  Hek.  173  ff.).  Pax  1064 
(hex.  cf.  II.  10,  350.  23,  430  etc.).  Prose  word  alvOdvofjiai. 

a/eXeTfc.2  Av.  944  (par.  Find.  fr.  82).  Lys.  853.  a/c\e«9 
occurs  Antiphon  1,  21.  Cf.  Hdt.  5,  77.  See  /c\eo9. 

aKovd)  (e£-3)  for  simple.  Av.  1198  (par.  of  trag.  fr.  adesp.  30). 
Thes.  293.  In  the  passive  Xen.  Kyr.  4,  3,  3  (not  elsewhere  in 
classic  prose).  Sophokles  is  fond  of  this  compound  (see  Ruther- 
ford). 

aicpai(f>vij<;.4  fr.  32.  The  prose  word  would  be  KaOapos. 
Thukydides  alone  of  Attic  prose  writers  uses  the  word  (1,  19, 
52).  Cf.  Eur.  Hek.  537.  Alk.  1052. 

a\yr)<ri<i.3  Only  in  par.  :  Thes.  147  (Agathon).  The  word  is 
rare.  In  prose  efo/yo?,  68vvr),  Xfarr).  The  verb  aA/yew,  however, 
is  common  enough. 

a\€(opr}.1  Only  in  par.  :  Vesp.  615  with  which  W.  Ribbeck 
compares  II.  12,  57.  15,  533.  Aristotle  has  it  of  armor. 


12  The  Language  of  Parody. 

aX/a/i09.3'5  Vesp.  1060,  1061,  1062.  Plut.  1003,  1075  (both 
in  an  old  proverb).  Never  used  by  Ar.  save  in  par.  Prose : 
Xen.  Hell.  7,  2,  16  ;  7,  3,  1.  An.  4,  3,  4.  Kyr.  1,  4,  22. 
Hiero  5,  3.  Hdt.  several  times,  and  Plato  Repb.  614  B  (with 
play  on  'A\Kivov). 

aXo^o?1'3  for  yvvij.  Never  in  trimeter.  Lys.  1286.  Ran. 
1050  (Aisch.).  This  is  an  allusion  to  the  Bellerophon  story. 
Chiefly  epic  (over  100  times),  but  Eur.  uses  it  some  30  times, 
Aisch.  5,  Soph.  1  (O.  R.  181-  choral  part).  Sd/jiap  occurs  in 
Eur.  55  times.  Our  word  in  prose :  Plato  Theait.  149  B  (for 
play  upon  Xo^etap).  Legg.  680  B  (from  Homer).  Cf.  TrXcm? 
(Ach.  132). 

aXva>3  for  fjiawo/jiat,.  Only  in  par.:  Vesp.  Ill  (=  Eur.  fr. 
665).  An  Euripidean  word,  also  in  Homer  and  Ionic  Prose. 

a\(f>dv(ol  for  evpia-tcco  or  rvy^dvco :  fr.  324,  2.  Once  only  in 
trag. :  Eur.  Med.  298. 

afjLa\8vva>.1     Pax  380  (Hermes). 

a//,a6>  (e£-3)  as  =  "  to  tear  out."  Only  in  iamb.  tetr.  :  Lys. 
367.  Cf.  Eq.  708  (e^apTrda-o/jiai).  e£a/j,da>  does  not  appear  in 
cl.  prose.  Eur.  Kykl.  236  has  the  middle  of  "  tearing  out  the 
entrails,"  and  as  Euripides  is  mentioned  in  parody  just  after  the 
word  is  used,  he  may  have  been  the  cause  of  its  use. 

a/ieya^TO?.1  Only  in  par.  :  Thes.  1049.  This  is  just  after  a 
passage  full  of  Euripidean  echoes.  Tragedians  have  it  in  lyrics. 
With  Thes.  1049  cf.  Eur.  fr.  122. 

aiAevrjvos.1  Never  in  trim.  Av.  686  (cf.  h.  Horn.  Cer.  352). 
fr.  222,  3.  See  Bakhuyzen  ad  frag.  1. 

a/AT/xaz/o? 3>  8  for  oVo/oof.  Only  in  par. :  Eq.  759  (par.  of  Pro- 
metheus of  Aisch.).  Ran.  1429  (cf.  Eur.  fr.  886,  3).  Prose  : 
Xen.,  Demosth. 

a/A<£i7roXo9  l  for  OepaTraiva.  Only  in  hex.  and  lyric  lines  :  Ran. 
1338.  fr.  9.  The  former  is  a  par.  of  Eur.  fr.  741,  the  latter  is 
from  an  oracle. 

avaytcd£a>  (e£-3)  for  simple.  Only  in  trochaic  tetr.  :  Av.  378 
(perhaps  a  quot.  from  a  tragic  poet).  See  on  aicovco  (ef-).  Prose : 
Xen.  Comm.  2,  1,  16.  Hdt.  2,  3.  Not  elsewhere  in  cl.  prose. 
Once  in  anapaests  :  Vesp.  1045.  The  verb 


The  Language  of  Parody.  13 


occurs  Od.  18,  70.     24,  368.     Aisch.  uses  it  also.     See  a 
in  this  sense  of  "  feeble." 

araf.4  Freq.  in  comedy  and  tragedy  :  Eur.  has  it  about  60 
times;  Ar.  about  18,  but  almost  always  of  divine  beings.  The 
exceptions  are  :  Pax  89  (of  Tiygaios).  Av.  781  (a  par.  of  Phry- 
nichos  probably). 

ara<r<ra.4  See  aval;.  Of  4  cases  in  Ar.  only  one  concerns  a 
human  being  :  Lys.  706  (par.  cf.  Eur.  fr.  699).  Eur.  has  it 
some  20  times.  Prose  :  Isok.  9,  72. 

ave/juaKT]*;.1  Only  in  anapaests  :  Av.  697  (poetic  passage). 
This  and  Eur.  Phoin.  163  are  the  only  places  cited  in  Stephanus. 
Cf.  epic  TroScbicrjs. 

aveo-TW.1  Only  in  par.  :  Eq.  1266  (cf.  Pind.  fr.  66).  Pax 
1097  (cf.  II.  9,  63).  Never  in  trim.  See  Soph.  fr.  5. 

avrav<yri<;.3  Thes.  902  (Eur.  as  Menelaos).  Cf.  trag.  fr. 
adesp.  67. 

avrifu/Aos.3  Thes.  17  (ptg.  cf.  Eur.  fr.  925).  Prose  :  Arist. 
Khet.  3,  3,  3.  Thuc.  7,  67  has  ainL^C^a^. 

avTifapifa.1  Only  in  anapaests  :  Eq.  813  (par.  :  W.  Bibbeck 
compares  II.  21,  487),  818. 

avrpov*  Mostly  in  lyr.  lines:  Pax  223  (Hermes).  Av..  1097. 
Thes.  1019  (par.  cf.  Eur.  fr.  118).  25  times  in  Eur.  Prose: 
Xen.  An.  1,  2,  8  (story  of  Apollo  and  Midas).  Cf.  An.  4,  3,  11 
(avrpotSi]^.  The  word  occurs  first  in  the  Od.  then  in  Hesiod, 
Pindar  and  trag.  Plato  uses  o-Tr^Xatoy. 

dz/rft>So9.3  Thes.  1059  (Eur.  to  Echo).  This  is  clearly  mockery 
of  the  introduction  of  Echo  into  the  tragedy  of  Andromeda,  but 
the  word  itself  is  not  in  the  old  index  to  Eur.  For  like  words 
see  Eur.  Med.  1176  ;  I.  T.  179. 

awo1'5  for  avvo).  Only  in  ptg.:  Vesp.  369.  Prose:  Plato 
Krat.  415  A  is  only  for  etymol.  purposes. 

avo)vdfjia<TTo<;3's  for  apprjros.  Only  in  ptg.:  Av.  1715  (trag. 
fr.  adesp.  49).  It  is  a  messenger's  speech. 

aocSij  l>  3  for  <aSr).  Only  in  anap.  tetr.  and  lyric  lines  :  Nub. 
297.  Av.  241,  906  (par.),  908  (par.).  Thes.  Ill  (par.).  Kan. 
213,  675. 

a7raid\r)/j,a.3      Nub.    729    (Sok.).      Prose    words  :     airdrr)    or 


14  The  Language  of  Parody. 

cnroo-Teprjo-is  :  cf.  Nub.  728,  731,  747.     At  Nub.  1150  the  proper 
name  ' 'A.7raid\r).     Our  word  not  in  cl.  Attic  prose. 

ajretpcov 1  for  aTreipos.  Av.  694  (—  boundless.  Cf.  Orph.  Arg. 
13  and  Eur.  fr.  781,  30.).  fr.  250  (=  circular).  So  Aisch.  fr. 
379,  2.  Emped.  237. 

inr^vrf:  *  for  avaia-'xyvro's,  aTratSeuros  etc.  (see  Schol.)  :  Nub. 
974  (Just  Reason  speaks  after  two  old  songs  have  been  quoted). 
Prose :  Plato  Phaidros  257  B  (but  here  a  v.  1.  a-Tr^e?.) 

a-TTTO/iat  (av0-s,  eV-4'8)  for  ajTzXa/i/Saw/iat  and  a/i7re%w,  ap.'rri- 
o-^ci)  respectively.  The  first  cmpd.  occurs:  Ran.  474  (par.  cf. 
Eur.  fr.  383).  Prose :  Plato  Rpb.  525  C.  [Plato]  Epist.  328 
C.  Thuk.  8,  50,  3.  The  second  occurs  Nub.  72.  Av.  1250 
(near  a  par.).  Ran.  430.  Ekkl.  80  (par.),  fr.  65.  253,  1 
(Mid.).  Prose :  Hdt.  7,  69.  /catfaTTTo? 3  only  in  parody :  Ran. 
1212  (=  Eur.  fr.  752).  In  tragedy  by  Euripides  only. 

apao-o-oj.4-8  Ekkl.  978  (but  see  Rutherford  N.  P.  p.  6).  By 
conj.  it  is  also  read  Lys.  459  (MSS.  a^fare).  The  cmpd.  e'£- 
occurs  Eq.  641.  Nub.  1372.  Thes.  704.  Homer  uses  only  the 
cmpds.  avr-,  e£-,  <ruv.  Hdt.  uses  the  simple  once :  6,  44. 

apwa)*  Thes.  696  (par.  of  Eur.  Telephos).  Plut.  476  (par.). 
Lys.  303,  459  (dub.  1.).  Vesp.  402  (err-).  Prose :  Hdt.  7,  236. 
Xen.  Kyr.  1,  5,  13.  6,  4,  18  (err-).  The  prose  word  is  fior)6eo). 
apayr)  is  used  by  Ar.  only  in  parody  of  Aischylos  in  the  form  of 
direct  quotations  from  him.  Cf.  Ran.  1265  etc. 

apovpa1  for  777.  Only  in  hex. :  Ran.  1533  (par.  of  Aisch.  fr. 
36).  Plato  has  it  in  Epic  passages :  Ap.  28  D.  Tim.  22  E,  73 
C,  91  D.  Legg.  829  A.  See  Wittekind  p.  40. 

for  rjyefjuav.     Eq.  164  (see  Neil  here).     See  on  rayo?. 
Only  in  hex. :  Pax   1287  (par.  cf.  II.   16,   267. 
Od.  4,  15).     Lamachos'  son  is  reciting. 

ao-<roi/4  for  ejyvrepov.     Only  in  troch.  tetr.  :  Eq.  1306. 

aa-revatcTi.3  Ekkl.  464  (cf.  II.  6,  492).  A  tragic  word  would 
be  funnier  because  of  the  contrast.  Note  that  a-reva,  the  prose 
form  of  o-rera^G),  is  used  462. 

ao-TpaTrrjfopeo)*  Pax  722  (par.  Eur.  fr.  312),  where  Hermes 
speaks.  Favorite  word  with  Euripides. 


The  Language  of  Parody.  15 

Lys.  217,  218.     Solemn  language  is  natural  in 
these  mock  tragic  proceedings.     Cf.  Aisch.  Ag.  244. 

aTTjpos.3  Vesp.  1299.  Only  place  in  comedy,  and  just  after 
a  parody  of  some  tragic  poet.  Plato  Krat.  395  B  is  only  for 
etymology. 

arraraV  Ach.  1190,  1198.  Nub.  707.  Thes.  223,  1005. 
Ran.  57. 

auSow  (aTT-3,  ef-1-3).  Eq.  1072  (air-.  See  Neil  here).  This 
is  just  after  a  mock  oracle.  Ran.  369  (owr-.  bis).  The  cmpd. 
e£-  only  in  par.  :  Ach.  1183.  Homer  and  Eur.  have  it  often,  but 
it  is  avoided  by  cl.  prose  writers. 

avOaSia  3  for  ai/OdSeia.  Thes.  704.  Tragic  metre.  See  Antiph. 
incert.  13.  Ar.  Lys.  1116.  Ran.  1020. 

afya.3'8  Pax  945  (metaph.).  Av.  727,  1717  (ptg.  cf.  trag. 
fr.  adesp.  49).  Ran.  314,  1438  (par.  of  Eur.).  Prose  :  Plato 
Rpb.  401  C  (poetic).  Xen.  Hell.  6,  2,  29.  Symp.  2,  25.  Oik. 
20,  18.  Hdt.  2,  19.  Eur.  has  it  at  least  20  times. 

avre1  for  av.  Nub.  595  (par.  cf.  fr.  Terp.  2  Bgk.).  Vesp. 
1015.  Pax  1270  (par.  cf.  Welcker,  Ep.  Cycle  II,  553). 

for  ySoacu.     Lys.  717  (ptg.).     Note  tragic  Zfjv. 

Only  in  hex.  :  Ran.  822  (par.  of  Aisch.).  Not 
found  in  Homer  or  trag.  Probably  coined  by  Ar.  in  imitation  of 
many  Aischylean  words.  Cf.  avrofiX.dfir),  avro/3ov\i]To<;,  avroye- 


Only  in  par.  :  Thes.  904  (cf.  Eur.  I.  A.  837.  Hel. 
549).  Cf.  o<£aT09.  Prose:  Plato  Legg.  636  E.  Phil.  21  D. 

a<j>aros.3  Only  in  ptg.  or  by  Dorian  characters  :  Av.  428 
(ptg.).  Lys.  198,  1080,  1148.  At  Av.  1189,  1713  ov  <f>aro<;. 
Cf.  Av.  423. 

d<f>0iTO<s*  Only  in  anap.  tetr.  :  Av.  689,  702.  Freq.  in  the 
epos  and  trag. 

afoaSfa.1  Only  in  hex.  :  Pax  1064  (cf.  II.  10,  350.  23,  430. 
7,  446).  Prose  :  a^/aoo-^. 

fypTjTwp.1     Only  in  hex.  :  Pax  1097  (par.  of  II.  9,  63). 

a^aXti/o?.3  Only  in  par.  :  Ran.  838  (Eur.  fr.  495,  4).  Prose  : 
Plato  Legg.  701  C.  Xenophon  has  d 


16  The  Language  of  Parody. 

'A.xapvr)tSai.1  Ach.  322.  Cf.  the  epic.  IfyXijtaSi^.  The 
natural  expression  would  have  been  <5  ^A.^apveoov  TratSes. 

a%r)via.3  fr.  20  (ptg.).  27  b.  Bakhuyzen  says  it  is  an 
Aischylean  word :  (Cho.  301.  Ag.  419).  Prose :  cnropta  or 
Trevia. 

&xo9.1'*'8  Only  in  par.  or  ptg.:  Thes.  1054.  Ran.  1354, 
1531  (Aisch.  fr.  36).  Freq.  in  trag.  Prose :  Xen.  Kyr.  5,  5, 
6.  6,  1,  37.  Eare. 

B 

/Sato?.4  Ach.  2  (bis).  Nub.  1013.  Freq.  in  Aisch.  and  Soph. 
Once  in  Find.  P.  9,  83  (=  pauca). 

j3d<Tfca.1  Only  in  par.  :  Thes.  783.  The  cmpd.  Sia-  (Av. 
486)  =  "struts."  See  Aisch.  Pers.  664,  672. 

/SeXo?.4  Only  in  par.  :  Ach.  345  (Eur.  Telephos).  Vesp.  615 
(II.  12,  57.  15,  533).  Av.  1714  (trag.  fr.  adesp.  49).  Freq. 
in  Homer  as  =  "  missile "  (cf.  Find.  O.  13,  95),  and  so  Xen. 
Kyr.  3,  3,  69.  With  Av.  1714  cf.  1749. 

/3Xa<rraV&>4  as  =  " be  born":  Av.  696  (poetic).  Lys.  406 
(cf.  Aisch.  Sept.  594).  The  cmpd.  am-  Lys.  384.  With  Av. 
696  W.  Ribbeck  compares  Soph.  O.  R.  156.  II.  2,  551.  Od. 
11,  294.  The  word  is  at  least  rare  in  prose  :  Plato  Rpb.  362  B 
(from  Aischylos).  ib.  498  B.  Phaidros  251  B  (of  the  soul's 
qualities).  It  is  the  regular  word  for  the  budding  of  vines  etc. 
See  Nub.  1124.  Av.  1479. 

j3\e<j>apov3  for  o<£0aX/«fc.  Ran.  1441  (Eur.).  Pint.  822  (has 
tone  of  messengers'  speeches  in  tragedy)  cf.  298.  Cf.  Simon,  fr. 
58.  Soph.  Ant.  104.  Eur.  Phoin.  543  etc.  Elsewhere  in  Ar. 
it  has  the  regular  meaning  "eye-lid":  Vesp.  12.  Ekkl.  406. 
Plut.  721,  730,  736. 

y8oa/ia.4  Only  in  troch.  tetr.  :  Nub.  967  (a  quot.  from  the 
dithyrambic  poet,  Kydides).  See  Aisch.  Ag.  920. 

/So'eio?.1  At  Ran.  924  Euripides  uses  the  adj.  with  pijfiara  in 
the  sense  of  "  large  and  sounding,"  as  the  Schol.  explains.  At 
Eq.  954  and  Vesp.  40  it  =  "  stupid,"  carrying  a  double  meaning 
with  it  in  the  play  on  &)/i09  and  STJ/AO?.  Prose  :  Plato  Rpb.  338 


The  Language  of  Parody.  17 

C.  Hdt.  2,  37.  Ib.  168  (all  used  with  icpea).  Aristotle  several 
times.  eTrra/Soeio?  comically  joined  to  #t>/ii09,  instead  of  o-a/cos,  is 
used  by  Aisch.  at  Ran.  1017  (ptg.). 

/3oX?7 4  for  icepavvos  (Av.  576,  1538,  1747  etc.),  once  in  a  tragic 
line :  Av.  1242.  This  Nauck  believes  to  be  taken  from  the 
Likymnos  of  Eur.  Prose:  Xen.  Hell.  4,  5,  15.  Thuk.  5,  65, 
2  (in  both  places  of  a  blow  with  a  weapon). 

3  in  the  meaning  "food."     Ran.  892  (Eur.  to  aldijp — 
/3oW?7/ia").     In  its  normal  meaning  at  Ach.  811. 

/8o'o-r/3i;%o9.4     Never  in  trim.  :  Nub.  536  (par.  Eur.  El.  509  ff. 
Aisch.  Cho.  168  ff.).     Ekkl.  955.     See  fr.  334  :  eXt/c 
which  Jungius  says  is  coined  after  epic  models.     Ar.  uses 
Vesp.  1069.     fr.  218.     Cf.  7rXo/ea/*o?. 

/3ora.4  Once  in  iamb.  tetr.  :  Nub.  1427.  Cf.  Aisch.  Ag. 
1415  (a  highly  emotional  passage). 

ftovKo\€(o 4>  8  for  airareo).  Prob.  only  in  par.  :  Pax  153. 
Ekkl.  81  (Soph.  Inachos).  Here  there  is  a  double  play  on  the 
meanings  "  to  tend  "  and  "  to  beguile." 

fiov\ai 4  =  consilia.     Only  in  par.  :  Eq.  3  (see  Van  Leeuwen). 

/3oiA,uro9  *  =  evening.  Av.  1500  (Prometheus).  Homer  has 
only  the  adverbial  /SovXvrdvSe. 

/3ow/o/*o9.3  Only  in  par. :  Ran.  1383  (Aisch.  quotes  his  own 
fr.  249). 

yS/aera?.4' s  Only  in  par.  or  lyrics :  Eq.  31,  32  (see  Neil's 
note).  Lys.  262. 

yfyoroV.4  Eq.  601  (see  Neil).  Nub.  460  (par.  II.  10,  212). 
Pax  180,  236  (par.  of  Epic,  style),  286,  849.  Av.  107,  687, 
1266  (ptg.),  1269,  1491,  1609.  Thes.  683,  1023  (par.  Eur.  fr. 
120).  Ran.  1187  (par.  Eur.  fr.  158.  Plut.  640  (ptg.).  fr.  164. 
All  the  foregoing  are  in  the  plural  except  Pax  180  (sing.)  and 
Av.  107  (dual).  The  plain  word  is  avOpwrros,  as  appears  from 
Plut.  421  (where  it  is  contrasted  with  #eo?),  or  OvrjTos  as  opp.  to 
aOdvaTos  (see  Lysias  2,  80).  See  OVTJTOI. 

0pva>.4  Nub.  45.  Ran.  329.  Prose :  Xen.  Ven.  5,  12  (see 
Sauppe's  Index).  [Plato]  Ax.  371  C.  Plato  Rpb.  383  B  (from 
Aisch.)  The  word  is  chiefly  tragic.  The  prose  words  cuc^d^a* 
(Thuk.  1,1.  2,  20.  Aischines),  0/3700),  cnrap^dco  are  used  in 
this  sense. 
2 


18  The  Language  of  Parody. 

£u0o5.4  Only  in  choral  parts:  Eq.  607,  609.  Ran.  247. 
Prose:  Xen.  Oik.  19,  11.  Plato  Par.  130  D  (figurative).  Aris- 
totle some  10  times.  Cf.  a/3f  0-0-05. 


7ata.4  Only  in  choral  parts :  Nub.  290.  Av.  1064.  Ran. 
1529  (hex.).  This  last  is  a  parody  of  the  Glaukos  of  Aischylos. 
Prose  =  777. 

7a/Ai7\to5.3>8  Av.  1758.  Thes.  1034  (par.  Eur.  fr.  122),  1122 
(par.  Eur.  fr.  889).  Not  in  cl.  prose,  but  yaftrjXia  =  a  wedding 
feast,  is  used  by  Isaios  and  Demosthenes. 

yafji(f>r)\at.1  Only  in  hex.  :  Eq.  198  (par.  of  oracles).  Here 
and  at  Eur.  Ion.  159  (lyr.)  of  the  bill  of  birds.  Cf.  II.  16,  489. 
19,  394. 

<ydwfj,ail  for  ySe'ofjuii.  Ach.  7.  Vesp.  612.  Prose:  Plato 
Phaidros  234  D.  Xen.  Symp.  8,  30,  where  it  is  discussed  an  an 
Homeric  word. 

7av/>o5.3  Ran.  282  (=  Eur.  fr.  788).  Eur.  alone  of  the  three 
Trag.  uses  the  word.  See  vTreprjvopecov. 

yepovraycayelv.3  Only  in  direct  quot.  from  Soph. :  Eq.  1099 
(=  Soph.  fr.  434). 

yepova-ia.7     Lys.  980  (a  fyepa>xia).     The  Lak.  herald  speaks. 

Nub.  705.     Lys.  551.     See  II.  20,  467. 
Only  in  ptg.  :  Ekkl.  3.     This  whole  prjtris  is  a  "  take- 
off" of  Euripides'  introductions.     The  prose  word  is  70/05,  which 
Eur.  himself  uses  (Ran.  946)  to  explain  his  method  of  writing 
tragedy. 

7o/37oV<0T05.3  Coined  in  imitation  of  xpvadvatTos,  %a\/eoVa>T05 
etc. :  Ach.  1124  (ptg.).  See  Van  Leeuwen  ad  loc. 

7/3U7raero5.3  Ran.  929.  Eur.  is  here  quizzing  the  Aischylean 
manner.  See  Aisch.  fr.  422  and  Jungius  s.  v. 

7w;5.3  Av.  230,  996.  Not  in  cl.  prose,  for  [Plato]  Epist. 
310  is  a  quot.  from  some  poet. 

ywiw.8- 8  Only  in  par. :  Thes.  136  (=  Aisch.  fr.  61).  Theokr. 
22,  69. 


The  Language  of  Parody.  19 


Only  in  hex. :  Pax  1279,  1282  (both  mock  heroic). 
Prose  :  e&Tidco. 

Sato?.4  Never  in  trim.  :  Nub.  335  (par.  of  cyclic  poets).  Ran. 
897,  1022  (=  warrior).  The  epic  S»?to9  is  very  freq.  in  Homer. 

Sdnap3  for  ywj.  Only  in  par. :  Thes.  913  (=  Eur.  Hel.  574). 
Freq.  in  Eur.  See  aXo^o?,  TrXart?. 

SdTreSovJ  Av.  1265  (ptg.).  Ran.  351.  Plut.  515  (a  quot.). 
fr.  110,  2.  Freq.  in  Eur.  Prose:  Xen.  An.  4,  5,  6.  Hdt.  4, 
200. 

SapSdfTTa).1  Nub.  711  (here  the  nature  of  the  biters  welcomes 
such  a  lofty  word).  Ran.  66  (Dionysos).  fr.  409.  The  Tragg. 
use  the  short  form  SaTrra). 

Sei'Xeuo?.3  Eq.  139.  Nub.  12,  709,  1473,  1504.  Vesp.  40, 
165,  202,  1150.  Pax  232.  Av.  990.  Ekkl.  391,  1051.  Plut. 
850.  In  all  except  two  cases  it  is  joined  with  oipoi,  and  except 
in  five  cases  the  metre  is  tragic.  Prose :  Lys.  24,  23.  Aischin. 

1,  172.     3,  77.     See  Rutherford  N.  P.,  p.  45. 

S«yu,atV&>.4  Only  in  anap.  tetr. :  Vesp.  1042.  Plato  is  the 
only  good  Attic  prose  writer  who  uses  the  word.  Eur.  has  it 
about  15  times,  and  it  is  freq.  in  Hdt.  The  noun  Sel/jua  occurs 
Ran.  688,  and  Plato  has  it  often — Thukydides  twice :  7,  80,  3. 

2,  102,  5.     Seo?  is  more  usual  in  prose. 

Sei/iaTo'w4  for  <fro/3elv  or  etcfofteiv.  Ran.  144  (Dion.).  In 
prose  :  [Plato]  Ax.  370  A. 

Only  in  trochaic  tetr. :  Vesp.  442.     Ekkl.  1157. 
Eq.   954.     Vesp.   40.     In    both   places  it  is  used 
because  of  its  resemblance  to  8rj/jLo<j.     Not  in  cl.  Attic  prose,  but 
Arist.  H.  A.  8,  2.     Xenophon  uses  a-re'ap. 

SidTTT^.3  Only  in  parody :  Ach.  435  (cf.  Soph.  O.  C.  1086). 
Eur.  Rhes.  234  (=  a  spy.). 

Sio<? 3  as  =  from  heaven.  Only  in  par. :  Thes.  856  (=  Eur. 
Hel.  2). 

Sfieo?.1'3  Only  in  ptg.  :  Ach.  887,  1174.  Ar.  is  prob.  imita- 
ting Euripides  in  both  places,  for  he  uses  the  word  freq.  Cf. 


20  The  Language  of  Parody. 

So'Xto? l  for  a7raT77\o9  (Xen.,  Plato)  :  Eq.  1068  (hex.).  Pax. 
1068  (hex.,  Epic  parody).  Thes.  1202  (Eur.  to  Hermes).  Plut. 
1157  (twice  of  Hermes).  Prose:  Xen.  An.  1,  4,  7  (dub.)  is  the 
only  inst.  in  cl.  Attic  prose. 

SoXoW  Only  in  hex. :  Eq.  1067.  Prose :  Xen.  Kyr.  1,  6, 
28.  Prose :  e^aTrardat.  Cf.  80X409. 

8o/i09.3  Never  save  in  par.,  ptg.,  or  lyric  parts :  Ach.  450, 
456,  460,  543  (Eur.  fr.  710).  Nub.  303,  1161.  Av.  1241, 
1247  (Aisch.  fr.  160),  1708  (cf.  trag.  fr.  adesp.  49),  1710.  Lys. 
707  (Eur.  fr.  699).  Thes.  871  (=  Eur.  Hel.  68).  Ran.  136, 
1273  (Aisch.  fr.  87).  Ekkl.  11.  At  Nub.  1265  Kock  reads 
Sdfiwv,  Bergk  'i'mrwv.  The  prose  word  is  olicia.  Cf.  the  cmpd. 
O7rt(r#o'8o/io<?  (Plut.  1193).  See  pe\a6pa. 

Sovea).*  Only  in  ptg.  and  lyr.  :  Av.  1183  (ptg.)  Ekkl.  954. 
Cf.  w/>az/roSoWro9  (Av.  943),  aepoSovrjros  (Av.  1385),  TrrepoSdvr)- 
To?  (Av.  1390).  Prose  :  In  cl.  Attic  prose  the  only  case  is  Xen. 
Symp.  2,  8  (Dindorf  &z/of  fievow). 

Sopd*  Only  in  par.:  Ran.  1211  (—Eur.  fr.  752).  Prose: 
Hdt.  4,  175.  Elsewhere  Ar.  uses  Seppa. 

Spcureto*  Vesp.  168  (see  Starkie).  Pax  62  (ptg.).  This 
desiderative  form  is  not  found  in  cl.  Attic  prose. 

Bvofjbai  (ara-)  *  as  —  "  to  emerge."  Only  in  a  line  spoken  by 
Dionysos :  Ran.  1460.  Cf.  II.  1,  359,  496.  Od.  5,  337.  In 
the  sense  "  to  shrink  back  "  by  Demosth.  and  Ar.  Ran.  860. 

Swyevfa*  Only  in  par.  :  Ran.  1219  (=  Eur.  fr.  661).  Eur. 
alone  of  the  Tragg.  uses  it. 

Svo-fcd0apTo<;*    Only  in  ptg.  :  Pax  1250  (cf.  Soph.  Ant.  1284). 

Svo-popos.1' 3  Av.  7.  A  favorite  word  with  Soph.,  who  has  it 
about  35  times.  Prose:  Antiphon  III  /3  11  (an  appeal  to  the 
emotions  of  the  jury). 

Sva-Trivijs.*  Only  in  ptg.  :  Ach.  426  (trag.  fr.  adesp.  42 ;  cf. 
Soph.  O.  C.  1597). 

Suo-TroT/io?.3     Only  in  a  line  spoken  by  Eur.  :  Ach.  419. 

SW7T77I/09.1'3  Av.  354.  Lys.  426,  652,  699,  959.  Thes.  878. 
Ran.  1332  (ptg.).  Ekkl.  166,  763.  fr.  461  (par.).  Prose: 
Only  Demosth.  19,  255  (\o<ydpia  Sva-Trjva — used  of  Aischines, 
the  quondam  tragic  actor). 


The  Language  of  Parody.  21 

8vcr<f>opecos  for  8va-^epaivco :  Thes.  73.  Ran.  922.  In  both 
Eur.  is  spoken  to.  In  cl.  prose :  Xen.  Kyr.  2,  2,  5  (dub.).  Ib. 

9     9     ft 

2,  2,  8. 

8vcr^€ifj.€po<f.i  Kan.  125  (Dion,  to  Herakl.).  Not  in  prose 
before  Aristotle. 

Sana.3  Only  in  par.  :  Ach.  479,  1072.  Nub.  1159.  Pax 
115  (Eur.  Aiolos).  Thes.  871  (=  Eur.  Hel.  68).  fr.  268. 


E 

ea.3  Nub.  1260  (ptg.).  Pax  60  (tragic  context).  Av.  327, 
1495.  Thes.  699,  1009,  1105  (par.  Eur.  fr.  125).  Plut.  824. 
Eur.  uses  it  freq.  Prose  :  Plato  Prot.  314  D. 

eSpai1'5  as  =  "  abodes."  Lys.  345  (of  Athena).  Thes.  889 
(ptg.  cf.  trag.  fr.  adesp.  65).  Ran.  324  (Pausanias  describes  the 
eSpat  here  as  ofyaX/ia).  The  word  is  very  freq.  in  the  Tragg.  and 
appears  about  15  times  in  Homer.  In  Ar.  whenever  the  plural 
is  used  in  lyric  passages  and  tragic  senarians,  it  has  a  poetic  color. 

e&wXm3  as  —  " abode."  Only  in  par.:  fr.  1.  See  eSpai  and 
Holden  on  fr.  7. 

eOavov.3  The  simple  occurs  only  in  parodic  lines :  Ach.  893 
(6ava>v).  Thes.  865  (—  Eur.  Hel.  53).  fcardaveiv  occurs  in 
par. :  Ran.  1477  (=  Eur.  fr.  638).  See  Rutherford  N.  P.,  p.  40 
and  Note. 

et/So)  (/car-)1  for  /eaTaXet/3&>.  Only  in  par.  :  Lys.  127  (cf.  II. 
24,  794.  Od.  21,  86).  Not  in  trag.  nor  cl.  prose. 

€KaTojK€(f)d\a<;.2  In  a  par.  of  the  dithyrambic  poets :  Nub. 
336.  eicaToyKetyaXos  occurs  Ran.  473  (par.  Eur.  fr.  383). 

eXao-iyfyoz/ro?.2     Only  in  par.  :  Eq.  626  (Find.  fr.  144  Bgk.). 
for  eXeew.     Only  in  par.  :  Eq.  793.     Cf.  ol/cripcij. 
for  apyeco,  r)<rv%d£eLv,  f]<rw%iav  e%€iv.     Prob.  only  in 
ptg.  :  Thes.  598  (notice  the  metre  all  about  here).     Prose :  Hdt. 
1,  67.     8,  71.     See  Pindar  N.  5,  1.     I.  2,  46. 

e/ioXoy.4  Eq.  21-26,  73.  Av.  404.  Lys.  743  (par.),  984, 
1263,  1297.  Thes.  1146,  1155.  Ran.  1232  (=  Eur.  I.  T.  1). 
See  Rutherford  N.  P.,  p.  41.  Prose  :  Xen.  An.  7,  1,  33  (/to'X&m). 


22  The  Language  of  Parody. 


for  Trpoa-fapijs  (Ekkl.  67)  or  o/toZo?  :  Nub.  502. 
Vesp.  1102  (see  Roger's  note),  fr.  68.  Prose:  Xen.  Kyr.  5,  5, 
31.  Hdt.  several  times.  Cf.  Trpoae^ep^. 

evavra.1'  2     Prob.  only  in  par.  :  Eq.  342  (see  Neil). 

ev8i/c(o<;  3  for  £t/ccua>9.  Only  in  troch.  tetr.  :  Pax  630.  Prose  : 
Plato  Phil.  12  D.  Legg.  954  A.  Tim.  85  B.  [Epist.]  318  D. 
335  D.  Nowhere  else  in  cl.  prose. 

egdieea-K.  Only  in  anap.  tetr.  :  Ran.  1033  (Aisch.).  This  is 
apparently  the  only  appearance  of  the  word  in  literature.  Prob. 
it  is  a  genuinely  tragic  word,  or  one  coined  for  such  on  the  analogy 
of  verbal  compounds  with  e/c  (see  egaKovw  etc.). 

egaTTivr)?  5  for  e^ai(f>vr}f  (11  times  in  Ar.)  only  in  the  Plutus  : 
Plut.  336,  339,  815  (cf.  353  e^u'c^?).  See  Diener,  p.  25,  for 
prose  references.  Xen.,  Thuk.  and  Hdt.  use  efaTrwr?"?,  and  Plato 
once  (Rpb.  621  B).  It  is  not  in  the  Orators. 

e£efy>o9.3  Only  in  par.  :  Av.  275  (Soph.  fr.  593).  Thuk.  and 
Xen.  use  e/cS^/io?  "  away  from  home." 

efforio?.*  Only  in  par.  :  Thes.  881  (cf.  Eur.  Hel.  467),  884. 
An  Euripidean  word. 

€7riy\a)TTdofiat,3  for  6veiSi%a)  or  \oi8opeo).  Lys.  37.  See  Aesch. 
Prom.  928.  Cho.  1045. 

&TC&7/U05.1  Only  in  hex.:  Pax  1098  (par.  II.  9,  64).  The 
noun  eTriSijiJiia,  however,  is  used  by  Demosth.,  Xen.  and  Plato. 
Our  word  appears  Hdt.  2,  39.  Prose  word  :  e/t^Xto?. 

&iri<ricvtnov.1  Only  in  hex.  :  Ran.  823  (The  chorus  parodies 
Aischylos'  style,  using  a  large  number  of  epic  words).  The  word 
occurs  but  once  in  Homer  (II.  17,  136),  but  is  freq.  in  the 
Anthology.  Ar.  uses  6<f>pv<;  (Nub.  582.  Plut.  756).  Our  word 
occurs  once  in  Aristotle. 

€7ria-Tpo^>ais  =  "  haunts."  Only  in  par.:  Ran.  1383  (Aisch. 
quotes  his  own  fr.  249).  Plato  uses  Siarpifiai  in  this  sense.  So 
Andok.  4,  22. 

e7ro<?4  for  \oyo<f  (=  a  speech):  Av.  174  (ptg.).  Pax  520.  In 
the  meaning  "proverb"  or  "saying":  Av.  507.  Lys.  1038. 
For  this  latter  sense  a  prose  writer  would  use  \dyos  or  TO  \eyo- 
fievov  or  7rapoi/j,ta  (So  Ar.  Thes.  527  and  Plato).  See  Van 
Leeuwen  ad  Av.  174. 


The  Language  of  Parody.  23 

epayu,at.4  Only  with  parodic  tone :  Vesp.  751  (lyr.).  Pax 
1098  (II.  9,  64) — an  hexameter.  Eur.  has  it  at  least  20  times. 
The  active  voice  is  used  in  prose  (See  Ar.  Av.  76,  135,  etc.). 

epSco3'5.  Only  in  par. :  Vesp.  1431  (proverb).  See  Ruther- 
ford N.  P.,  p.  49. 

epi/3pe/j,era<;.1     Only  in  hex. :  Ran.  814  (parodic). 

€pt(0\.rj.1  Eq.  511.  Vesp.  1148.  Ar.  uses  the  word  merely 
to  pun  upon  epiov.  Cf.  0ve\\a. 

epTrvfa.1  Vesp.  272  (parodic).  Compound  forms :  Ran.  485 
(/ca#-)  Ekkl.  398  (Trap-),  511  (?ra/>-).  I  cannot  find  the  simple 
in  any  cl.  prose  writer. 

eV0\o93'4  for  ayaffds.  Only  in  par.:  Ran.  1218  (Eur.  quotes 
his  own  fr.  661).  Prose :  Xen.  Kyr.  1,  5,  9.  Plato  has  it,  but 
only  as  a  poetic  word  and  mostly  in  quotations  from  poets.  The 
form  eVXoV  is  usual  in  lyric  poetry,  and  invariable  in  Pindar ;  see 
Gildersleeve  Find.  O.  1,  99. 

er^Tf/to?1'3  for  aXrjdijs.  Only  in  par.  and  hex.:  Pax  119  (Eur. 
fr.  18).  Often  in  Homer  and  tragedy.  See  erv/io?. 

en^o?.3  Only  in  par.  :  Pax  114  (Eur.  fr.  17),  118  (adv.). 
Prose  :  Plato  Phaidros  260  E.  See  enjTVftos. 

evvij.*  Vesp.  552.  Av.  1286.  Thes.  1122  (par.  Eur.  fr.  889). 
Ekkl.  958,  967.  At  Eq.  605  it  means  "camp-bed,"  in  which 
sense  alone  it  is  regular  in  prose  (see  Neil  ad  loc.).  Still  Xen. 
Kyr.  8,  8,  14  =  a  regular  bed.  The  prose  words  are  o-r/3«/Aa, 
K\u>k  (Thes.  261),  ic\iv>n  (Ach.  1090). 

evoSia.3  Only  in  hex.  :  Ran.  1528  (cf.  Aisch.  fr.  36).  Here 
the  chorus  speed  Aischylos  on  his  way  to  the  upper  world. 
The  word  is  not  in  Homer,  and  in  tragedy  only  at  the  place  cited. 
It  is  avoided  by  cl.  prose  writers,  but  euoSo?  is  found  in  Xen. 

ei/7ra\a/i09.4  Only  in  anap.  tetr. :  Eq.  530.  Quoted  from 
Kratinos  according  to  the  Schol.  Not  found  in  cl.  prose. 

etWoTro?.3  Ekkl.  2  (ptg.).  Prose  :  Xen.  Kyr.  6,  3,  2.  Prose  : 
Arist,  H.  A.  9,  41,  5. 

eucTTo/ieo) 3i  5  for  etx^^/tecu  :  Nub.  833  (tragic  metre).     See  Soph. 
Ph.   201.     Lucian   Phil.  c.  17.     Ar.  uses  aTrocrwTrcwo, 
Cf.  Nub.  105,  833. 


24  The  Language  of  Parody. 

€i>xa>\r).1  Only  in  hex.:  Pax  1276  (par.  II.  8,  64).  Prose: 
Hdt.  2,  63.  Prose  =  e^. 

e</>e£t<?.3  Only  in  par. :  Vesp.  338  (note  7rpd<f>a<ri<;,  the  usual 
word,  in  the  foil.  line).  It  is  in  no  extant  tragedy,  but  Hesychius 
(ii,  239)  gives  it.  See  Starkie  ad  1. 

e$77/ie/309.4  Only  once  by  Sokrates  :  Nub.  223  (see  Van  Leeu- 
wen's  note).  It  is  freq.  in  Pindar  and  tragedy.  Aischylos  uses 
e(f>7)jj,epio<;  once  (Pr.  546). 

€%0aip(03'6  for  fjucrea).  Only  in  par.  :  Ran.  1425  (Ion  fr.  44). 
See  Wittekind,  p.  28,  for  examples. 

e^Bo/Mai  (e'fai*-)3  for  ave^o^ai.  Nub.  1373.  (Here  Strepsiades, 
after  hearing  an  incident  from  one  of  Euripides'  plays,  says  he  is 
not  able  e^ave^ea-datj.  Pax  702. 

exw  (/car-)4  meaning  "to  fill."  Nub.  328,  572  (cf.  Aisch. 
Pers.  387.  II.  16,  79).  Hermippos  (2,  9)  has  it  in  an  hexa- 
meter, and  Kratinos  (Od.  1)  where  Odysseus  addresses  the  island 
of  the  Kyklops. 

Z 

£a0eo9.4    Never  in  trim. :  Nub.  283.    Av.  927.    Ran.  383. 

£eo>  (eTTi-).3  Only  in  ptg.  in  a  metaph.  sense  :  Ach.  321.  Thes. 
468.  See  Rutherford  N.  P.,  pp.  16,  17. 

Zijv  for  Zew.  Only  in  par.  or  lyrics :  Nub.  564.  Pax  722 
(=Eur.  fr.  314).  Av.  570,  1740.  Lys.  717  (cf.  Eur.  Kykl. 
669).  Note  that  Lysistrata  deliberately  changes  from  Zev  to  Zfjv. 

H 

Only  in  anap.  tetr.  :  Av.  659.     Oft.  in  Pindar. 
Eq.    1023    (a7rt5&)).      This    Homeric   word    comes   in 
naturally  after  the  mock-oracles  in  10]  5  ff.     The  Doric  form  is 
common  in  Pindar  and  the  tragic  chorus,  but  in  dialogue  only  here 
and  Eur.  Rhes.  776.     See  Neil. 

rjptvds*  for  eapwas.  Only  in  choral  parts :  Pax  800  (par. 
Stesichoros  fr.  34).  Av.  683,  714,  1099.  fa  is  used  by  the 
Tragg.  for  eap.  Prose :  Xen.  Hell.  3,  2,  10  (the  only  place  in 
cl.  prose,  Xen.  himself  using  eapivds,  Kyr.  8,  6,  22). 


The  Language  of  Parody.  25 


for  tcaOeSpa  or  Opovos.  Never  in  trim.  :  Nub.  993 
speaks).  Ran.  1515,  1522  (both  by  Aisch.).  Prose  : 
Plato  Politic.  288  A.  Rpb.  516  E.  Xen.  Kyr.  8,  7,  10.  Symp. 
4,  31.  Hdt.  1,  181  (0&icot).  See  Odv™. 

6apd 4  for  7roXXa/a?.  Mostly  in  lyrical  lines  :  Eq.  990.  Av. 
234.  Thes.  952  (all  lyric).  Plut.  1166.  fr.  149,  4.  Prose: 
Isokr.  Panath.  102.  Plato  Phaid.  72  E.  Xen.  Mem.  2,  1,  22 
(see  next  line).  TroXXa/a?  is  freq.  in  Ar. 

0ao-o-a>3  for  Kadrj^ai.  Only  in  ptg.  :  Vesp.  1482  (cf.  Od.  18, 
239.  Eur.  Hell.  438.  Hek.  36).  Thes.  889  (Eur.).  Freq.  in 
Eur.  See  Odicos. 

Qeivw6  for  Traua,  7rara<ro-w,  a-jroSeto  (cf.  Nub.  549.  Av.  497. 
Eq.  1130.  Kan.  547.  Nub.  1376.  Av.  1016.  Ran.  662): 
Ach.  564.  Eq.  640.  Vesp.  1384.  Av.  54,  1613.  Lys.  364, 
821.  Ran.  855.  See  Rutherford  N.  P.  p.  10. 

#e'Xc<>.3  In  all  cases  where  0e\a>  follows  a  consonant  (except 
Eq.  713.  Lys.  1216,  where  Van  Leeuwen  would  change  the 
reading  to  eWXeo)  the  tone  is  mock  tragic :  Thes.  412,  908  (= 
Eur.  Hel.  562).  In  the  following  lines  6e\o>  /follows  a  vowel : 
Ach.  198,  318  (par.),  355,  426  (ptg.).  Nub.  801.  Vesp.  493, 
521.  Av.  407  (ptg.),  929  (par.).  Lys.  473.  Ran.  1442,  1468 
(ptg.).  Ekkl.  1017.  The  phrase  t)v  0eo?  0e\rj  is  used  in  good 
prose.  In  Ar.  it  occurs:  Pax  939,  1187.  Ran.  533.  Plut. 
347,  405,  1188.  For  the  different  spheres  of  e'0e'X&>  and  povXopai 
see  Gildersleeve  Pind.  O.  7,  20.  P.  1,  40  (or  more  fully  dis- 
cussed by  him  in  the  A.  J.  P.  16,  p.  525-6) ;  Rutherford  N.  P., 
pp.  415-16 ;  H.  W.  Smyth,  Ionic  Dialect,  §  588. 

tfeo'o-eTTToi?.3  Only  in  anap.  tetr. :  Nub.  292.  Van  Leeuwen 
compares  OeocreTrrcop,  Tre/JiireTTTO?. 

(9e/3/io'/3oyXo?.3  Only  in  par. :  Ach.  119  (Eur.  fr.  852).  Ar. 
comically  substitutes  Trpwfcrdv  for  o-7r\d<y%vov. 

Oepfjuo.1  Lys.  1079  (dub.  1.).  Ran.  1339  (par.  Od.  8,  426). 
The  last  line  is  hexameter.  The  prose  form  is  Oeppaivw  (Ach. 


26  The  Language  of  Parody. 

1175.  Pax  843.  Ran.  844),  and  is  used  by  Xen.,  Plato,  Arist. 
See  0d\TT<o  (Av.  1092)  and  0epa>  (Plut,  953). 

0e<nrio<i.1  Only  in  hex.  :  Av.  977  (oracle).  It  seems  to  occur 
elsewhere  only  at  Hes.  fr.  54. 

Bea-TTHpSea) 3  for  fiavrevofiai.  Only  in  par.  :  Plut.  9  (Eur.  Or. 
285).  Prose:  [Plato]  Ax.  367  D  (poetic)  is  only  place  in  cl. 
prose.  Hdt.  has  Oea-Tri&tv. 

0eo-<j>aTa.4  Only  in  par.  or  ptg.  :  Eq.  1233,  1248  (from  the 
Bellerophon  of  Eur.).  Pax  1073  (hex.).  With  the  last  Ribbeck 
compares  II.  8,  477.  10,  473.  The  prose  word  is  xprjo-fjuk. 

#77700 4  for  a/covdcD.  Only  in  hex.  or  lyr.  :  Lys.  1256  (cf.  Eur. 
Phoin.  1390.  II.  11,  416).  Ran.  815  (hex.) — with  parodic  tone. 
Prose :  Xen.  Kyr.  2,  1,  11.  Ib.  13  and  20.  1,  2,  10.  Ib.  6,  41. 
Mem.  3,  3,  7.  Xen.  has  it  in  the  figurative  phrase  Brfyetv  i/rin^a?. 
It  is  not  found  elsewhere  in  classic  prose,  but  Arist.  (Rhet.  3,  3, 
2)  uses  it. 

0r)\v(f>pa)v.3  Only  in  ptg.  :  Ekkl.  110  (trag.  fr.  adesp.  51). 
Blaydes  compares  Eur.  I.  A.  421.  Fr.  364. 

0&.1'3  Only  in  par.:  Vesp.  696  (Soph.  Ant.  590.  Cf.  Ar. 
Nub.  892,  1265),  1521  (=  shore.  An  epic  parody).  See  0(o^. 

Ovrjrot1  for  av0pa>7roi.  Never  in  trim.  :  Nub.  574  (lyr.).  Pax 
1063  (hex.  oracle),  1071  (hex.).  Av.  708  (anap.  tetr.),  1059 
(par.  cf.  Soph.  O.  C.  1085).  See  fyorfc. 

0oo?.4  Only  in  par.  or  lyrics :  Eq.  554,  1265  (par.  Pind.  fr. 
66).  Ran.  1233  (=  Eur.  I.  T.  1).  The  prose  word  is  ra^w  or 
e\a(j)p<y>. 

Opava-dvrv^.3    Only  in  par.  :  Nub.  1264  (Xenokles  fr.  1). 

0poea>*  Only  in  hex.  :  Ran.  1276  (=  Aisch.  Ag.  104).  Eur. 
in  mockery  of  Aisch. 

Qvyarepos3  for  0vyarpo<i.    Only  in  par.  :  Vesp.  1397. 

0veXXa.1>4  Only  with  parodic  tone:  Nub.  336  (anap.  tetr.). 
Strepsiades  parodies  the  dithyrambic  poets.  Not  in  cl.  prose. 
See  epia>\7).  At  Lys.  973  •n-prja-rijp  and  Tv<fxo<>  occur. 

0vr)\ijl  for  0vfjLa  or  dvaia:  Av.  1520  (Prometheus).  Not  in 
cl.  prose.  See  Av.  901.  Pax  1052. 

0vfjLatvo)*  for  xa\e7raiva)  or  a^Bo^ai.     Nub.    609   (the  cloud 


The  Language  of  Parody.  27 

chorus  quote  the  Moon),  1478  (to  Hermes).  Not  found  in  cl. 
prose.  Eupolis  Map.  21. 

tfy/zoXeW.1  Only  in  par.  :  Ran.  1041  (see  Nauck  trag.  Graec. 
fr.  p.  72).  Aisch.  dealing  with  an  epic  subject  uses  epic  words. 

Ovfjuk 3>  4  in  the  meaning  "  heart "  or  "  soul,"  where  it  is  per- 
sonified and  addressed  as  an  individual.  In  these  places  the  tone 
is  always  poetic,  and  most  of  them  are  parodies  of  Euripides. 
Ach.  353,  450  (cf.  trag.  fr.  adesp.  44),  480  (par.),  483  (par.). 
Eq.  1194  (ptg.).  Vesp.  383  (lyr.).  Elsewhere  in  Ar.  it  means 
"  passion,"  "  courage,"  "  desire,"  all  of  which  uses  are  found  in 
prose.  If  we  omit  Ach.  353 ;  where  the  meaning  is  doubtful, 
Ovfjuk  (=  heart,  soul)  will  occur  only  in  par.  and  a  lyric  line.  See 
Find.  O.  2,  98.  N.  3,  26.  See  tceap. 

Ou^*  for  aoopfc  (Plut.  269,  270,  804.  Xen.  Hell.  4,  4,  12. 
Vect.  4,  2.  Aristotle) :  Lys.  973.  fr.  94.  217.  Blaydes  says 
it  does  not  appear  elsewhere  in  the  comic  writers.  See  Moeris. 

Bapr/aa-opai  l< 5  for  Owpaici^a).  The  word  is  used  only  because 
of  the  double  meaning  in  it  of  "  arming  "  and  "  getting  drunk." 
Ach.  1134,  1135.  Pax  1286  (hex.). 


(eV-) 4- 7  for  €7rt7re)Lt7rG>.  Nub.  1299.  Vesp.  1348.  Pax 
432.  fr.  552.  See  Thuk.  5,  77,  8  (a  Doric  speech). 

ta^oj.1  Only  in  hex.  and  lyrics:  Eq.  1016  (hex.).  Av.  772 
(cf.  781  and  II.  3,  342.  4,  79.  23,  815  etc.).  At.  Ran.  217 
the  later  epic  form  ta%e&)  in  a  lyric  line. 

ISvloi1  for  pdpTvpes  :  fr.  222,  5. 

'( fa 4- 5  for  Ka0e^ofuu.  Eq.  403  (ptg.).  Av.  742  (mid.,  cf.  727). 
Ran.  199  (see  next  line).  Prose:  Plato  Tim.  25  D.  Leg.  855 
D.  Xen.  Ven.  9,  14.  Freq.  in  Hdt. 

'tijfu  (crvv-)  l  for  a/eowa.  Only  in  par.  :  Pax  603  (fr.  Archil.  50 
Bgk.).  Hdt.  1,  47  (oracle).  See  Soph.  Tr.  90. 

t/ee\o<?  *  for  ofjioios.  Only  in  a  quot.  from  Homer :  Av.  575. 
Also  in  Ionic  prose.  See  on  efjufrepiys,  Trpoa-e^ep^. 

Ipei'pa)*  for  eTTidv/j-ea)  (freq.  in  Ar.).  Only  in  anap.  tetr.  :  Nub. 
435  (see  433  and  compare  435).  Prose  :  Plato  Krat.  418  C  (for 


28  The  Language  of  Parody. 

etymology  only).     Hdt.  has  it  as  a  deponent,  but  it  is  not  found 
elsewhere  in  cl.  prose.     See  Iftepos,  iievoivdw,  iroOeivos. 

tfiepos4'8  for  eTTiOv/jiia  or  TTO'^O?  :  Lys.  552  (see  53,  55,  66  where 
7T000?  is  used).  Ran.  59  (ptg.).  Prose:  Plato  Phaidr.  251  C 
etc.  (about  10  times).  Hdt.  has  it  also.  Lycian  Deor.  Jud.  15 
distinguishes  epoyj,  ifj&pos,  TTO'^O?.  See  Plat.  Krat.  420  A.  See 


tVSaXXo/*at  J  for  Soicem.  Vesp.  188.  The  whole  scene  is  a  par. 
of  Odysseus'  escape  from  Kyklops'  cave.  Prose  :  Plato. 

ioa-Tetyavos.2  Only  in  dactylic  and  anapaestic  metre  :  Ach.  637. 
Eq.  1323,  1329.  There  is  always  an  allusion  to  Pindar,  I  think. 
See  fr.  Pind.  54'(Bgk.)  and  Isth.  2,  20.  P.  7,  1. 

iTTTTo'Xo^o?.1     Only  in  hex.  :  Ran.  818  (par.  of  Aischylos'  style). 

ld>*  Ach.  566  (ptg.),  568  (ptg.),  1071,  1078,  1080  (last  three 
parodic),  1205,  1212  (ptg.).  Eq.  1218.  Nub.  1155  (par.  Soph. 
fr.  451  or  Eur.  fr.  623),  1169,  1259  (toy  /i<u>ot).  Vesp.  748  (MB 
l*o£  itoi),  1292.  Pax  236  (par.),  242,  250.  Av.  228  (ptg.),  343, 
406  (ptg.).  Lys.  716.  Thes.  1047  (ptg.).  Ran.  1341,  1342. 
fr.  401.  Espec.  tragic  is  tea  poi  pot  (twice  in  lyric  lines).  Four- 
teen of  the  above  are  in  lyric  lines. 

K 

icdSos.5  Ach.  549.  Pax  1202.  Av.  1032,  1053.  Ekkl. 
1002,  1004.  fr.  269.  Attic  prose:  Only  Demosth.  21,  133. 
Plato  Rpb.  616  D.  Elsewhere:  Hdt.  3,  20.  Anakr.  16. 
Archil.  4.  In  tragedy  :  only  Soph.  fr.  491,  3.  In  the  sense  of 
"voting-urn"  KaSurfcos  is  more  usual  (Ar.  Vesp.  321,  853,  854). 
Kepdpiov  occurs  Ar.  fr.  723. 

/ca/coppodeco3  for  KaKO\o^e<a.  Only  in  ptg.  :  Ach.  577  (chorus 
to  Lamachos.  See  Eur.  fr.  712).  Thes.  896.  In  trag.  by  Eur. 
only. 

ica\\ivucos.*  Ach.  1227,  1228,  1231,  1233  (all  parodic).  Eq. 
1254.  Av.  1764.  See  Van  Leeuwen  ad  Eq.  1254. 

Ka\\i7rdp0evo<t.s  Only  in  par.:  Thes.  855  (—Eur.  Hel.  1). 
An  Euripidean  word.  See  /ca\\i€7njs  (Thes.  49,  60),  /caXXt/co/io? 
(Pax  798),  «:aXXt/3o'a9  (Av.  682).  Compounds  with  /caXXi-  and 

--  are  mostly  poetic. 


The  Language  of  Parody.  29 

Ka\v7TT€a-0ai.s  Only  by  Sokrates  :  Nub.  740.  In  Attic  prose 
the  compel,  forms  only  are  used,  but  the  simple  is  freely  used  in 
both  act.  and  pass,  by  the  Tragg.  See  Soph.  fr.  333  and  next 
word. 

/ea\v7TTo'<?.3  Only  in  ptg.  :  Thes.  890  (Eur.  as  Menelaos).  See 
preceding  word. 

#a/*a|3  as  =  "spear-shaft."  fr.  404  (cf.  Aisch.  Ag.  66.  Eur. 
Hek.  1155.  El.  852). 

Kapa3  for  Ke<f>a\ij.  Only  in  par.  or  ptg.  :  Ach.  1218  (Lama- 
chos).  Pax  153  (par.  Bellerophon  of  Eur.).  Thes.  1102  (cf. 
Eur.  fr.  123).  See  tcdprjvov. 

KapaSoKeco3'  5  Eq.  663.  Compare  all  this  with  the  Messengers' 
speeches  in  tragedy.  Eur.  is  fond  of  this  word.  Prose  :  Xen. 
Mem.  3,  5,  6.  Hdt.  7,  163,  168.  8,  67. 

Kaprjvov.1  fr.  222,  3.  Homer  23  times  ;  Hesiod  3,  but  Pindar 
does  not  take  it  up.  Tragedy  :  Eur.  fr.  541.  Aisch.  Chor.  396. 
See  Kapa. 

KapTrelov.4'  8  fr.  177.  The  prose  word  KapTrds  (more  oft.  plu- 
ral) :  Nub.  1119.  Ekkl.  14.  Plut.  515. 

Kapra3'5  for  ar<f>dSpa  or  irdw.  Ach.  544.  Av.  342.  Cl.  Attic 
prose  :  Plato  Tim.  25  D  (only  here).  <r<f>dSpa  in  Ar.  about  30 
times,  Trdw  about  100. 

KacriyvrjTos  l>  3  for  a8eX<£o'<?.     Only  in  ptg.  :  Thes.  900. 

/earao-/ao9.3  Only  in  par.  :  Ach.  965  (cf.  Aisch.  Sept.  384). 
Aisch.  is  fond  of  the  word,  but  it  is  not  so  freq.  in  the  other 
Tragg.  Not  in  cl.  prose.  Plato  Tim.  79  D  (/eaTa<r/aa£6>). 

/caTOTTTT??.3  Only  in  par.  :  Ach.  435  (trag.  fr.  adesp.  43).  Prose 
words  :  /caraCTTCOTro?,  oTrrijp. 

Keap'A  for  KapSia  (freq.  in  Ar.).     Only  in  par.  :  Ach.  5.     See 


5  for  e/ceti/o?.  Vesp.  751  (ptg.).  Pax  48  (an  Ionian 
speaks).  Lys.  795,  818.  Thes.  473  (ptg.).  See  Wittekind,  pp. 
14-15.  Eutherford  N.  P.  p.  4. 

Ke\aSeo>.2  Nub.  284.  Pax  801  (par.  Stesich.,  p.  749  Bgk.). 
Thes.  44  (ptg.).  Ean.  383,  684,  1527.  Pindar  uses  the  word 
often  (see  Gildersleeve,  Pind.  O.  1,  9).  Never  in  cl.  prose 
(Aischines  has  it  in  an  oracle). 


30  The  Language  of  Parody. 

/ce'Xet»#o94  for  68of,  arpairo^.  Only  in  par.  :  Thes.  1100  (Eur. 
fr.  124.  Cf.  I.  T.  32). 

KeXXw  (e«r-)3  for  Kard<yofMat.  Only  in  ptg.  :  Thes.  877  (Eur. 
as  Menelaos).  The  word  is  not  given  in  our  indexes  to  tragedy. 
The  simple  occurs  in  Homer,  tragedy  and  later  poets.  eVt/ceXXw 
is  found  in  Homer  and  Ap.  Rhodius.  See  Jungius,  §  8,  Introd. 

KevOfMav*  Only  in  par. :  fr.  149,  1  (Eur.  Hek.  1).  Not  in  cl. 
Att.  prose.  Hdt.  7,  141  (oracle)  has  it,  and  it  occurs  in  the  epos 
and  tragedy.  For  the  verb  Kev0a>  see  Plato,  Hipp.  Min.,  365  B. 
Ib.  370  A  (both  from  Homer). 

*/a/c&>  (a?™-).7  Ach.  869  (=  shook  off).  Van  Leeuwen  says 
it  is  not  found  elsewhere  except  in  Simmias,  of  Rhodes. 

Kivvpopat1  for  K\aia>.  Eq.  11  (cf.  9  and  12).  Neil  notes  that 
this  is  the  only  occ.  of  the  word  outside  of  serious  poetry.  Aisch. 
Sept.  123  is  the  only  place  in  tragedy.  It  is  not  uncommon  in 
late  epic.  Not  found  in  cl.  prose. 

/cXaOyu-a.4  Pax  249.  Ran.  813.  In  the  former  K\av^ara  is 
humorously  used  for  /cpo/ji^va.  The  word  is  a  favorite  one  with 
Aischylos.  The  only  places  in  cl.  prose  are  [Andok.]  4,  39. 
Xen.  Kyr.  2,  2,  14.  At  Thes.  1041  7005.  Plato  uses  Kkavpovr), 
Aristotle  /cXai/^/xo?. 

K\etv<k.4  Ach.  1184  (ptg.  cf.  trag.  fr.  adesp.  45).  Eq.  1328. 
Nub.  1024.  Pax.  737  (par.  Simonides  fr.  82).  Av.  810,  1277, 
1372.  Thes.  29.  Plut.  772  (ptg.).  Prose  :  Hdt.  5,  92  (oracle). 
7,  228  (epigram).  Of  Attic  writers  Plato  alone  uses  it :  Soph. 
243  A.  Legg.  721  C.  Often  in  Pindar  and  tragedy. 

*Xeo?4'8  for  Bo^a  or  rifir).  Ach.  646.  Nub.  459  (par.).  Ran. 
1035.  See  Van  Leeuwen  ad  Nub.  460.  Prose :  Hdt.  7,  220. 
9,  78.  Xen.  Kyn.  1,  6.  Plato  Symp.  208  C  (hex.).  Lysias 
2,  5  (cf.  ev/cXe?;?— 2,  23).  Thuk.  1,  10,  2  (Homeric  setting). 
Ib.  25,  4  (myth  of  Phaeacians).  2,  45,  2  (poetic  reminiscence). 
The  sphere  is  poetic. 

K\rj£a> 4  for  €7Aca>/ua£a).  Never  used  by  Ar.  except  in  imit.  of 
lyric  or  trag.  poetry  :  Av.  905,  921  (poet),  959,  1745.  The  other 
form,  /cXeteo,  occurs  Pax  778  (par.  Stesich.  fr.  32  Bgk.).  Lys. 
1299  (Lakonian  chorus).  In  prose:  [Plato]  Ax.  371  B  (poetic). 
Xen.  Kyr.  1,  2,  1. 


The  Language  of  Parody.  31 

K\ovea>*     Eq.  361  (see  Neil).     Not  in  prose  of  the  cl.  period. 

tcXovos*  Only  by  Sokrates  :  Nub.  387.  Used  for  the  less 
pretentious  /copKopvyr)  (Pax  991.  Lys.  491).  Not  in  cl.  prose. 

/eXvca3  for  a/covco.  Only  in  ptg.  :  Eq.  813  (cf.  Eur.  fr.  723). 
Pax  1283.  Av.  407,  416,  1390.  Thes.  1018  (Eur.  fr.  118). 
Ban.  1173  (==  Aisch.  Cho.  4),  1374.  Plut.  601.  Not  in  cl. 
prose. 

tevura.1'8  Ach.  1045.  Pax  1050.  Av.  193,  1517.  It  is  used 
only  where  sacrifices  are  being  offered.  Freq.  in  Homer  (see 
espec.  II.  8,  549).  Prose  :  Plato  Legg.  906  E  (elevated  subject). 
Kpb.  364  E  (from  Homer).  The  only  tragic  ex.  is  Aisch.  Pr. 
496.  As  a  religious  word  this  may  have  been  in  the  common 
speech, — indeed  Demosthenes'  use  of  Kvia-dat  (q.  v.)  seems  to  show 
that  it  was. 

Kvtadco.1'8  Eq.  1320  (see  Neil).  Av.  1233  (ptg.).  Prose: 
Dem.  21,  51.  Macart.  66  (oracle).  Not  elsewhere  in  cl.  prose. 

/ci/wSaXoi/.4  Vesp.  4.  Lys.  476.  Prose :  [Plato]  Ax.  365  C 
(of  worms).  Not  elsewhere  in  cl.  prose.  Pindar  has  it  of  asses 
and  serpents.  Kratinos  Xet/3.  8  (hex.).  Ar.  uses  Brjpiov  (Av.  93) 
and  re/aa?  is  the  ordinary  word  for  "  monster." 

Koipavos*  Only  in  par.  :  Ach.  472  (Eur.  fr.  568).  Freq.  in 
the  epos.  Not  in  cl.  prose.  See  7ro\vfcoipavos. 

Ko\vfi/3dw  (e/c-).3>  8  Once  in  anap.  tetr. :  fr.  80  (cf.  Eur.  Hel. 
1609).  The  simple  is  in  Plato. 

Ko\ocrvpTos.  Only  in  anap.  tetr. :  Vesp.  666.  Plut.  536. 
With  the  former  cf.  Vesp.  593,  667  (?rX»/0o?).  See  II.  12,  147. 
13,  472.  Hes.  Th.  880.  Not  in  cl.  prose. 

Ko/jLTTaa/jLa 3  for  KO/JLTTO^  or  aXa^ovevfia.  Ran.  940  (Eur.  mimics 
Aischylos'  manner).  Blaydes  compares  Aisch.  Pr.  361.  Sept.  794. 

Koveco  (ey-y  Ach.  1088  (cf.  1094,  tnrevSa  •  and  1085,  ra%y 
/8a&£e).  Vesp.  240  (par.)  Av.  1324.  Ekkl.  489  (cf.  483). 
Plut.  255.  Homer  uses  the  word,  but  only  in  pres.  part,  with 
some  other  verb. 

Kcwro?.3  Ran.  1265  (par.  Aisch.  fr.  128),  1267,  1269,  1271, 
1272,  1275,  1277,  1278,  1280,  1284  (of  course  all  these  are  mere 
echoes  of  1265).  Lys.  542  (=  weariness).  Plut.  321  (note  the 
epic  allusion  before  this).  Prose :  Plato  Prot.  310  D.  Rpb.  537. 


32  The  Language  of  Parody. 

Tim.  87  E.  Xen.  An.  5,  8,  2.  Eq.  4,  2.  But  Plato  and  Xen. 
have  it  in  the  sense  of  "  weariness,"  whereas  Ar.  in  all  places 
except  Lys.  542  uses  it  as  —  "  toil  "  or  "  suffering." 

Kopevwfjii.1     Only  in  epic  par.  :  Pax.  1283,  1284,  1285.     In 
Attic  prose  only  by  Xen.  Mem.  3,  11,  13.     Prose  word: 


for  6(j)da\fji(k.    Vesp.  7.     Thes.  902  (ptg.)     Plut.  635 
(par.  Soph.  fr.  644).     Freq.  in  Eur.     See  o/^/ia. 

Kopfuk  1]  3l  5  for  Trpe'pvov.  Only  in  iamb.  tetr.  :  Lys.  255  (prob. 
a  par.  Cf.  Eur.  H.  F.  240.  Hek.  575.  Hel.  1601.  Kykl.  384). 
Prose  :  Hdt.  7,  36.  Only  place  in  cl.  prose.  Once  in  Homer  : 
Od.  23,  196. 

/co/3054  for  7rai<?,  jjieipdiciov.  Only  in  hex.  and  par.  :  Av.  977 
(hex.—  Kovpe).  fr.  558  (par.  Eur.  Phoin.  1243,  1273,  1359). 
Prose:  Hdt.  8,  77  (oracle.  Here  Schweighauser  reads  it  as  a 
proper  name).  Plato  5  times  in  the  Laws.  A  favorite  word 
with  Eur. 

1     Only  in  hex.  :  Ran.  818  (par.  cf.  II.  2,  816). 
Only  in  anap.  tetr.  :  fr.  222.     See  Bakhuyzen  ad 
fr.  1.     Once  in  Homer  :  II.  9,  241.     Prose  :  Hdt.  7,  218. 

/COT09.1  Only  in  par.  :  Ran.  844  (cf.  Eur.  El.  402.  Kykl. 
424).  Oft.  in  Aisch.,  and  about  7  times  in  Homer.  The  verb. 
Korea  is  purely  epic,  for  Plato  Lys.  215  C  (the  only  place  in  cl. 
prose)  is  from  Hesiod. 

Kovp(8ios.1'  5  Pax.  844.  Freq.  in  Homer  and  Ap.  Rhod.  The 
feminine  occurs  Hdt.  1,  135.  5,  18.  6,  138.  Nowhere  else  in 
cl.  prose.  Plato  uses  vvfjufrifcds,  Ar.  wfjufriBtos  (Av.  1729).  See 


vco  4  for  creico  (cf.  TraXXw).     Only  in  par.  :  Ach.  965  (cf. 
Aisch.  Sept.  384,  where  o-eto>  is  the  verb),  967.     Not  in  cl.  prose. 
Kpavaos.1     Ach.  75  (see  Van  Leeuwen).     Av.  123  (at  Kpamai 
=  'Adr)vai).     Lys.  481.     fr.  560,  3  (==  rough,  stinging).     Here 
there  is  doubtless  a  covert  allusion  to  Athens.     Often  in  the  Od. 
of  Ithaca.     Tragedy  :  Aisch.  fr.  371.     Eum.   1011.     Soph.   fr. 
798.     Not  in  cl.  prose  save  Hdt.  8,  44  (icpavaoi=  the  Athenians). 
icpi^a).1    Av.  1521  (Prometheus  has  already  used  two  epic  words, 
and  6v^rj\ri  q.  v.).     II.  16,  470  (of  a  creaking  yoke).     Not 


The  Language  of  Parody.  33 

in  cl.  prose,     Kpdfa  in  the  same  sense,  "to  scream,  shriek,"  is 
freq.  in  Ar. 

KpCva)  (8ia-~) 3  as  =  to  separate  into  elemental  parts.  Only  in 
par. :  Thes,  13  (Eur.).  See  Bakhuyzen  ad  loc. 

Kpovvos.4'*  Only  in  anap.  tetr.  :  Ran.  1005  (cf.  similar  use  of 
por)  Find.  N.  7,  12.  Plato  Theait,  206  D).  See  the  comic 
crnpd.  iepovvoxyTpo\ripaio<;  (Eq.  89).  Our  word  is  in  the  epos  and 
trag.  but  not  in  cl.  prose.  At  Ran.  1005  the  chorus  address 
Aisch.  with  satiric  earnestness.  At  1.  814  ff.  Aisch.  is  said  to 
have  first  given  dignity  to  "  tragic  nonsense."  All  this  is  mockery 
of  his  long  pompous  words.  Cf.  'Eivvedicpovvos. 

icpvepds.*  Only  in  ptg. :  Ach.  1191  (see  Schol).  Av.  951,  955. 
With  Ach.  1191  cf.  Homeric  icp.  70040,  <pdj3oto;  Hesiodic  tcp. 
'AtSao ;  Euripidean  icp.  davdrov,  etc.  Not  in  cl.  prose,  but  [Plato] 
Ax.  368  C  has  icpvos  (frigus). 

KTVTreo*.'  Ach.  1072  (ptg.).  Thes.  995.  Ekkl.  545.  Plut. 
758  (cf.  Eur.  Med.  1180).  The  cmpd.  em-  is  found  at  Av.  780. 
Ekkl.  483  (cf.  Ap.  Rhod.  1,  1136.  2,  1081).  Freq.  in  Homer 
and  Eur.  (also  Soph.).  See  /CTUTTO?. 

Ac™™4  for  KfMtros.  Eq.  552  (cf.  II.  10,  535).  Av.  1156. 
Lys.  1307  (cf.  1319).  With  this  last  cf.  Eur.  Herak.  783.  Tro. 
546.  Prose:  Thuk.  7,  70,  6.  Plato  Krit.  117  E.  Xen.  Kyr. 

7,  1,  35.     See  /crvTrew. 

Kvavavj^.1  Only  by  the  poet  Kinesias  :  Av.  1389.  Ar.  uses 
its  congeners  xvavo/SevOris  (fr.  165)  and  Kvavefi/BoXos  (Eq.  554. 
Ran.  1318,  both  lyric).  Cf.  Orph.  H.  2,  3.  Eur.  Alk.  261,  etc. 
Not  in  cl.  prose. 

KvoWo?.1  Only  in  par. :  Ran.  1270  (=  Aisch.  fr.  238, — 
quoted  here  by  Eur.)  Oft  in  Homer  of  Zeus  and  Agamemnon. 
Not  in  cl.  prose.  See  the  two  following  words. 

KvSoifuk.1  Only  by  Lamachos  in  a  mock-heroic  line :  Ach. 
572  (cf.  Pax  255.  Horn.  II.  5,  593.  18,  535.  Emped.  417). 
Not  in  cl.  prose.  See  next  word. 

ywoW  Only  in  hex.  :  Eq.  200  (par.,  cf.  II.  8,  141).  Of  the 
Tragg.  Aisch.  alone  has  it.  The  only  inst.  in  cl.  prose  is  Hdt.  7, 

8,  1  (Xen.  Mem.  2,  6,  11  is  from  Homer).     See  preced.  words. 

as  =  "to  move  around."     Only  in  ptg.:   Av.  1379 


34  The  Language  of  Parody. 

(cf.  Soph.  Ai.  19.  Eur.  Or.  632).  Thes.  958  (cf.  Eur.  I.  T. 
68,  76).  See  Vesp.  1523.  eyKVK\ovnai*  occurs  Vesp.  395 
(tragic  tone;  cf.  154),  699.  At  Av.  346  Trept  re  /cv/cXoxrai.  See 
Green  ad  Vesp.  395.  The  cmpd.  ela-  Thes.  265.  The  simple  in 
prose  :  Plato  rather  often,  and  (in  mid.)  Hdt.  and  Thuk.  Prose  : 


*  for  Kv\ivSe<a.     Eq.   1249  (par.  Eur.  fr.  310,  where 
is  the  verb).    Nub.  374.    Vesp.  492.    Thes.  767.    Ekkl. 
208.     Not  in  cl.  prose.     Cmpd.  etV-  Thes.  651. 

Kvvea)  (7T/300--)  in  the  form  Trpoa-eicva-a  3  for  irpoo-eicvvrjcra.     Only 
in  ptg.  :  Eq.  156  (cf.  Plut.  771),  640. 

KwoKe<f>a\\o<i.1  Prob.  in  par.  only  :  Eq.  416  (of  Kleon).  See 
Van  Leeuwen's  note.  Prose:  Plato  twice  (Theait.  161  C.  Ib. 
166  0)  but  written  with  one  X,  and  used  of  a  species  of  monkeys. 
Hdt.  4,  191  (KvvoKe<j>a\oi  =  name  of  a  people.  Cf.  Strabo,  43). 
tcvpea3'6  for  rv^dvw.  Only  in  par.:  Ran.  1291  (Aisch.  fr. 
incert.  282).  See  Wittekind,  p.  44.  Not.  in  cl.  prose. 
for  veavtas  or  e^T/ySo?  :  Lys.  983,  1248. 


for  Xapftdvco.     Lys.  209  (cf.  1.  202).     Lysistrata  has 
been  imitating  Aisch.     Eur.  has  the  word  oft.     Not  in  cl.  prose. 

Cf.   fidpTTTQ). 

XaiVo?  *• 3  for  \idivo<f.  Only  in  par.  :  Ach.  449  (trag.  fr.  adesp. 
44).  Freq.  in  Eur.  Not  in  cl.  prose. 

\aicefpv&.1  Only  in  par.  :  Av.  609  (Hes.  fr.  183,  1).  Else- 
where :  Poeta  ap.  Plat.  Rpb.  607  B  (not  elsewhere  in  cl.  prose). 
Hes.  Op.  747.  See  \da-Kw. 

\arck 3  for  /3a/co5,  pdfciov.  Only  in  a  line  spoken  by  Eur.  : 
Ach.  423.  The  word,  however,  does  not  seem  to  occur  in  Eur., 
who  uses  \dtcia-fjLa  (Tro.  497).  Oft.  in  Aisch.  See  Alkaios  18,  8. 

Xa/A7r -pvvo^at 3>  8  as  =  "  to  be  made  clear-sighted."  Only  in 
par. :  Plut.  635  (cf.  Soph.  fr.  644).  In  the  meaning  "  to  dis- 
tinguish oneself"  Eq.  556  (so  Thuk.  6,  16,  3.  Arist.  Eth.  4,  2, 
4,  etc.),  Xen.  has  the  passive  =  "  to  be  bright."  Cf.  \afj,7rporiyf. 


The  Language  of  Parody.  35 

Isokr.  Ar.  104.     10,  17.     Ep.  4,  11.     Demosth.  21,  158.     Not 
in  cl.  prose  in  our  signif. 

Xa/i7ra>  (e'/c-).3  Only  in  the  higher  tone  :  Pax  304.  Av.  1712 
(trag.  fr.  adesp.  49).  Lys.  387. 

\a<rtav%r)v.4  Only  in  hex. :  Ran.  822  (parodic.  Cf.  h.  Horn. 
6,  46).  Not  in  Homer,  but  Xao-to?  occurs.  In  trag.  Soph.  Ant. 
350  (chor.)  is  the  only  place.  The  word  well  describes  the  rugged 
sublimity  of  Aischylos. 

XaW».3  Only  in  par.  or  ptg.  :  Ach.  410,  1046.  Pax  381, 
382,  384.  Ran.  97.  Plut.  39.  The  cmpd.  Bia-  Nub.  410.  Eur. 
especially  delights  in  this  word.  Not  found  in  comedy  outside  of 
Ar.  nor  in  cl.  prose.  See  Rutherford,  N.  P.,  p.  43.  See  Xa/ee- 
pv£a,  ropeco. 

Xaa>7  for  tfovXo^at  or  e0e\co :  Ach.  749,  766,  772,  776,  788, 
814.  Lys.  95, 1163,  1187.  The  Tragg.  sometimes  use  this  verb. 
Not  in  cl.  prose.  Cf.  X?)/ia. 

Xeutfo'Xo(/>o? 3>  4  Only  by  Aisch.  in  a  mock-heroic  line :  Ran. 
1016.  Asa  proper  name  Ran.  1513.  Ekkl.  645.  Cf.  Xev/eoXotya? 
(Eur.  Phoin.  119),  \evK.oda>pa%.  Xen.  An.  1,  8,  9.  Not  found 
in  cl.  prose.  See  next  word. 

XeuKOTrX^T??.3  Ekkl.  387.  See  Jungius,  Praefat.  §  8.  Eur. 
uses  many  cmpds.  of  Xeu/coV.  See  word  above. 

Xetu? 4  for  £77^05  or  TrX^tfo?.  In  the  herald's  phrase  cucovere 
\ea>  it  occurs  Ach.  1000.  Pax  551.  Av.  448.  Outside  of  this : 
Ach.  162  (ptg.).  Eq.  224.  Yesp.  1015.  Pax  62  (cf.  Soph.  Ai. 
585),  298,  632,  922,  1317.  Av.  1275,  1276.  Thes.  39  (ptg.), 
857  (=  Eur.  Hel.  3).  The  form  XaoV  only  in  lyric  lines  or  par. : 
Eq.  163.  Ran.  219,  676.  Cf.  with  the  foregoing  the  use  of 
7rXr}0o?  at  Ach.  317.  Ekkl.  432,  770.  Of  cl.  prose  writers  Plato 
and  Hdt.  only  use  Xetu?  (Hdt.  XaoV  also).  In  tragedy  it  occurs  : 
Eur.  28  times;  Soph.  10;  Aisch.  16.  XaoV  is  found  in  Eur.  24, 
in  Soph.  2,  in  Aisch.  11  times. 

X^/ia4-5  Eq.  757.  Nub.  457,  1350.  Thes.  459.  Ran.  463, 
500,  603,  899.  Plut,  581.  Aisch.  and  Soph,  have  it  oft.  In 
Soph,  it  has  the  sense  of  "insolence."  See  Xa&>. 

as  =  "  fair,  graceful "  :    Ach.  639,  640.     Eq.  1329 


36  The  Language  of  Parody. 

(par.,  Find.  fr.  54  Bgk.).     Nub.  300.     Av.  826.     fr.  110.     See 
Neil  ad  Eq.  1329. 

\ia-a-dviof7  for  ayaffos.     Lys.  1171  (a  Lakedaimonian  speaks). 

XMTo-o/tat3  for  avTij3o\eo>.  Pax  382  (cf.  377).  Thes.  313, 
1040  (par.,  Eur.  fr.  753,  53).  See  Rutherford  N.  P.,  p.  25. 

Xt^/icwB4  for  Xei^a).  Only  in  anap.  tetr.  :  Vesp.  1033.  Pax 
756.  Homer  has  only  the  cmpd.  airo-  (II.  21,  123).  Theokr. 
25,  226  (Tre/at-).  The  simple  occurs  Hes.  Sc.  235.  Eur.  Bacch. 
698  (only  place  in  trag.). 

X<fytf74  for  SJpv  (Pax  447,  1213  and  oft.) :  Ach.  1226  (Lama- 
chos).  Vesp.  1119.  Ran.  1016  (Aisch.).  At  Thes.  826  it  has 
its  reg.  meaning  "spear-head."  Prose:  Xen.  Eq.  12,  13.  Hell. 
7,  5,  20.  Plato  Lach.  183  D.  Hdt.  freq.  In  tragedy  Aisch.  3 
times ;  Soph.  7  ;  Eur.  46. 

Xo7%o<£o/>o9.4  Pax  1294  (cf.  Eq.  448).  Here  the  presence  of 
Lamachos'  son  calls  forth  such  a  word.  Prose :  Xen.  Kyr.  2,  1, 
5  (only  place  in  cl.  prose). 

Ao£ta?.4  Only  in  connection  with  oracles :  Eq.  1047,  1072. 
Plut.  8  (par.). 

Xftxrroi/3  for  fieXria-Tov.  Av.  823.  Prose  :  Plato  has  both  the 
comparative  and  superlative  freq. — the  latter  generally  in  the  voc. 

<5  Xoxrre.     Xen.  Symp.  4,  1.     Nowhere  else  in  cl.  prose. 

»— 

M 

fidxap 4  for  (tatcdptos.  When  applied  to  gods  and  men,  it  seems 
to  be  poetic.  Prose  usage  confines  it  to  the  Islands  of  the  Blessed 
(so  Plato  Phaid.  115  D.  Ar.  Vesp.  639).  In  poetic  use:  Nub. 
599,  1206.  Pax  780  (par.,  Stesich.  fr.  32  Bgk.),  1075  (par.,  cf. 
Od.  1,  82),  1106  (par.),  1333  (rpio--).  Av.  222,  702,  703,  899, 
1722,  1759.  Ran.  85,  352.  It  never  occurs  in  trim.,  and  of  the 
foregoing  two  are  in  hex.,  two  in  anap.  tetr.  and  all  the  rest  in 
lyric  lines.  See  foil.  word. 

/ia*a/>tT7;5.4  Prob.  only  in  par.  :  Plut.  555  (see  Van  Leeuwen). 
fr.  488,  10,  with  which  Blaydes  compares  Aisch.  Pers.  633. 
There  is  a  play  upon  the  double  meaning  "blessed"  and  "dead." 
Not  used  in  cl.  prose.  See 


The  Language  of  Parody.  37 

3  as  =  to  relent.  Vesp.  973  (comic-tragic  tone). 
Eq.  389  (—  make  soft  by  tanning).  For  the  first  meaning  cf. 
Soph.  Ai.  594.  Plato  uses  the  act.  in  the  sense  "to  soften" — 
Hippokrates  of  the  "  remitting  "  of  a  fever.  In  the  signif.  "  to 
relent "  it  is  not  found  in  cl.  prose,  where  the  word  is  usually 
AiaXa/ato/zai  (Thuk.  3,  40,  7.  Ib.  6,  29).  Cf.  0a\7ro/iat  (Ar.  Eq. 
210.  Xen.),  and  fji,a\6aK%o(j,ai  (Plato  Rpb.  458  B).  See  reyyat 
and  the  foil.  word. 

Ha\0aK(k*>5  for  /iaXa*o9.  Ach.  70,  1200.  Nub.  727.  Vesp. 
714  (par.,  Eur.  fr.  628).  Av.  122,  233.  Ran.  539,  595.  Prose: 
Plato  Phaidros  239  C.  Theait.  149  D.  Soph.  230  A.  Not  else- 
where in  cl.  prose.  Ar.  has  /zaXa/co?.  Eq.  785.  Vesp.  738,  1455. 
Plut.  1022  and  oft.  See  word  above. 

fiavrelof4  for  navrucos  (Pax  1026.  Av.  1332).  Only  in  anap. 
tetr.  :  Av.  722.  Cf.  Eur.  Tro.  454.  Not  in  cl.  prose. 

pdpTTTO)1  for  \a/j.f3dva>.  Only  in  hex. :  Eq.  197.  Pax  1100. 
See  \d£vfj,cu. 

fjieya 4>  5  for  /iaXa,  Train/,  a-<f>dSpa.  Only  in  anap.  tetr. :  Nub. 
291  (Sokrates  to  the  Clouds).  Cf.  II.  2,  480.  16,46.  Aisch.  Pr. 
647.  Freq.  in  Homer.  Prose:  Xen.  Kyr.  3,  1,  27.  5,  1,  28. 
Hdt.  freq. 

Eq.  151  (see  Neil),  172,  782,  1162.  Nub.  600. 
or  /teSew.1'3  Eq.  560  (epic  tone),  585,  763.  Lys.  833 
(par.).  Ran.  665  (par.,  Soph.  fr.  342).  Cf.  foil,  cmpds.  :  TTOI/TO- 
(Vesp.  1531 — perhaps  a  parody  of  Aisch.  Sept.  130) ; 
(Thes.  323).  All  are  in  lyrics  save  Lys.  833.  Not  in 
cl.  prose. 

He\a9pa 3  for  otVcta.  Only  in  par.  :  Av.  1247  (Niobe  of  Aisch.). 
Thes.  41  (servant  of  Agathon  speaks),  874  (par.,  Eur.  Hel.  460). 
Not  in  cl.  prose.  See  SO/AO?. 

IteXavoicdpSios.*  Once  in  par.  :  Ran.  470  (see  Bakhuyzen). 
Sim.  words  are  fteXavoTTTepos  (Av.  695.  Eur.  Hek.  705),  ^\avo- 
Trrepvj;  (Av.  fr.  452.  Eur.  Hek.  71),  neXavda-repfos  (Aisch.  fr. 
389),  /teXaz/o'^/300?  (II.  13,  589).  Not  in  extant  trag.  or  cl.  prose. 

/xeXai>o7TTe/305.4  Only  in  anap.  tetr.  :  Av.  695  (poetic  description). 
Not  in  the  epos,  and  in  Eur.  alone  of  the  Tragg. 


38  The  Language  of  Parody. 


fr.  537.  Cf.  Eur.  Hek.  71  (of  dreams).  These 
two  seem  to  be  the  only  examples  in  the  literature.  See  two 
preceding  words. 

/ie'Xeo?  3  as  meaning  "  unhappy,"  "  miserable."  Only  in  par.  : 
Vesp.  313  (Eur.  fr.  385).  Pax  1063  (hex.).  Thes.  1037  (Eur. 
fr.  122).  About  40  times  in  Eur.  ;  Hdt.  once  in  an  oracle  (7, 
140)  and  nowhere  else  in  cl.  prose.  Ar.  only  in  lyrics  and  hex. 

(jLevowdo)1  for  eiriOvnea).  Only  in  troch.  tetr.  :  Vesp.  1080. 
This  sounds  like  the  battle  scenes  of  the  Iliad.  The  word  is 
chiefly  epic,  occurring  twice  only  in  tragedy  (Soph.  Ai.  341. 
Eur.  Kykl.  448).  Not  in  cl.  prose.  See  lpe(pa>. 

At&o?.1  Ach.  665  (=  might;  cf.  II.  6,  182).  Vesp.  424 
(—  anger.  See  Starkie  here).  In  the  latter  meaning  Ar.  gen. 
has  0/3777.  Prose  :  In  the  signif.  "  spirit,  ardour  "  :  Xen.  Kyr. 
3,  3,  61.  Hell.  7,  1,  31.  Kyn.  6,  15.  Plato  Tim.  70  B  (dub. 
1.)  and  the  Homeric  passages  Krat.  415  A  (/i«/€o?).  Symp.  179  B. 
Rpb.  389  E.  Aischylos  is  partial  to  it. 

fjiepifiva*  for  fypovrk.  Never  in  trim.  Nub.  420  (cf.  Eq.  612. 
Nub.  233,  236.  Vesp.  1097.  Antiphon  II  £  2.  Isokr.  Ep.  2, 
11).  At  Nub.  950,  1404  it  =  maxims,  speculations.  The  only 
place  in  cl.  prose  is  [Plato]  Rival.  134  B,  but  pepi/waco  is  com- 
mon enough. 

l^p^rjpt^a)  (aTro-).1'  3  Vesp.  5.  This  opening  scene  is  a  parody 
of  some  tragic  poet  if  we  may  judge  by  the  number  of  poetic 
words.  The  simple  is  common  in  Homer,  pepnepos  is  found  in 
the  II.  and  Eur.  Rhes.  509. 

fjXTdpvios  3-  5  for  ^reeo/jo?  (Eq.  1362.  Nub.  264,  266  and  oft.)  : 
Av.  1383  (Kinesias).  See  Wittekind,  p.  37.  The  Doric  form 
occurs  Av.  1197.  Not  in  cl.  Attic  prose.  See  ireSdpa-tos. 

wSapd3'5  for  ovSapw  (Nub.  688.  Vesp.  79,  etc.)  Only  in 
a  line  spoken  by  Eur.  :  Thes.  1162.  Not  in  cl.  Attic  prose.  See 
Wittekind  s.  v. 

/^So/iat4  for  <f>povrC&  (Ekkl.  263)  or  eVft^eo/iai  (Ekkl.  262). 
Never  in  trim.  :  Av.  689  (poetic).  Thes.  676.  Not  in  cl.  prose. 

pijXov*  as  meaning  "a  girl's  breast."  Lys.  155  (par.).  Here 
a  Lakonian  is  speaking  on  an  Homeric  subject.  Ekkl.  903.  See 


Ihe  Language  of  Parody.  39 

Theokr.  27,  49.  It  is  doubtless  a  word  belonging  to  the  sphere 
of  folk-poetry.  Cf.  KvSwvicx;  (Ach.  1199). 

WTpd0ev*>5  Only  in  par.:  Ach.  478  (cf.  Aisch.  Cho.  750). 
Dikaiopolis  uses  tragic  language  when  speaking  to  Eur.  Not  in 
cl.  prose  exc.  Hdt,  1,  173.  Cf.  Find.  O.  3,  28. 

fjuvvpoftcu 4  for  fjuwptfa  (Vesp.  219.  Av.  1414.  Plato  Rpb. 
411  A)  :  Ekkl.  880  (cf.  931—  a$a>  /ere).  Not  in  cl.  prose. 

/*07«o1>7  for  7ro<r%G),  TaXeu7ra>/3ea>,  aA/yaw.  Only  by  a  Lake- 
daimonian  :  Lys.  1002  fytayfopK).  /Ao^«o  =  to  toil,  occurs  Plut. 
282,  518,  556.  oSwdofiai  =  " to  suffer  pain"  is  freq.  in  Ar. 
ra\anrci)pe(i)  (Lys.  1220.  Ran.  24.  Plut.  224).  payed)  is  not 
in  cl.  prose.  It  is  freq.  in  Homer — not  uncommon  in  Aischy- 
los — not  in  Soph.,  and  only  once  in  Eur. 

/ioXTTTJ.4  Never  in  trim.  :  Ran.  370,  383  (The  chorus  (1.  382) 
says  "  sing  now  another  kind  of  vpvcav"  while  four  lines  before 
this  it  spoke  of  the  singing  as  fjLo\7rd%eiv.  Cf.  <pSai<ri  1.  396), 
1527.  Both  /ie'XTna  and  ^oKira^uv  are  poetic.  poXTrij  not  in 
cl.  prose. 

ftoi/o/ia^o?.3  Only  in  par.  :  fr.  558,  2  (cf.  Eur.  Phoin.  1300, 
1335,  1362).  Not  in  cl.  prose.  The  verb  fiovofia^elv  appears  in 
an  epic  passage  in  Plato  Krak  391  E,  and  Hdt.  has  iMovvofia^eeiv 
and  fj-ovvofjia^iij.  In  trag.  Eur.  alone  uses  our  word. 

/AoiKro/iaiTi?.3  Only  in  par.  :  Av.  276  (Van  Leeuwen  cites 
Aisch.  fr.  60).  See  Bakhuyzen  ad  1. 

poX\evrri<;.z< 8  Nub.  567  (Poseidon),  1397  (for  source  of  par. 
see  Porson  ad  Medeam  1317,  and  at  same  place  Verrall  and 
Bakhuyzen).  The  word  seems  to  occur  only  in  Ar.  Possibly  he 
coined  it,  since  Eur.  is  fond  of  /lo^Xefe  and  (iox\eveiv. 

/«;0i£a>4'7  for  Xe7<».  Only  by  Lakonian  characters:  Lys.  94 
(cf.  96),  981,  1076. 

/ivxa?.4  Ekkl.  12  (ptg.)  Thes.  324.  Prose :  Thuk.  7,  4,  52 
(=  bay ;  cf.  H.  21,  23).  Xen.  An.  4,  1,  7.  Hdt.  2,  11.  4,  21. 
Plato  Rpb.  387  A  (from  Homer). 

fi(i)[j.dofj,ai*  for  <ric(iy7rT€iv  or  /ie/i<£o^tat  (freq.  in  Ar.)  :  Av.  171. 
Not  in  cl.  prose  since  Plato  Prot.  346  C  is  from  Simonides. 


40  The  Language  of  Parody. 


N 

vafa>*  for  ol/ceco.  Never  in  trim.:  Vesp.  662  (tcarevao-Qev). 
See  Starkie's  note,  and  cf.  Hes.  Op.  167.  Th.  329,  620.  Ap. 
Rhod.  2,  520.  The  simple— Ran.  324.  It  is  used  by  no  cl. 
prose  writer  save  in  epic  citation. 

vapa3  for  olvos.  Once  in  ptg. :  Ekkl.  14.  Prose  :  Plato  oft., 
but  mostly  in  fig.  senses.  As  =  "  streams  "  it  occurs  Xen.  Ven.  5, 
34.  Not  elsewhere  in  cl.  prose.  Used  by  all  the  Tragg. 

vawrffMofjuu*  Only  in  par.  :  Pax  126  (Eur.  fr.  669).  A 
prose  writer  would  prob.  have  said  veto?  eTnftatveiv.  Oft.  by 
Eur. :  cf.  Hel.  1210.  Tro.  677.  Never  in  cl.  prose,  where 
TrXaa)  is  the  word. 

i/avo-TO\ea>.3  Only  in  par. :  Av.  1229.  Thes.  1101  (Eur.  fr. 
123).  Not  in  cl.  prose. 

z>aim\o53  for  VCLVTUCOS.  Only  in  par.:  Ran.  1207  (Eur.  fr. 
846,  2).  See  Wittekind,  p.  31. 

vavfaptcTos*  Ach.  95  (Note  similarities  of  sounds  in  ends  of 
lines  about  here).  Eq.  567  (ptg.  See  Neil's  note).  Not  in  cl. 
prose. 

z/et*o94'5  for  epis.  Never  in  trim.:  Yesp.  867.  Thes.  788. 
Ran.  818  (par.  of  Aischylos'  style.  The  line  is  hex.),  1099.  The 
subj.  under  discussion  at  Thes.  788  is  a  favorite  one  with  Eur., 
likewise  the  phrase,  TTCLV  tcaicdv  (cf.  Hipp.  616,  625,  627).  Prose: 
Isokr.,  Xen.  Ven.  1, 17  (epic  setting).  Plato  Soph.  243  A  (poetic). 
Hdt.  freq. 

z/eoXeua7  for  ^77.  fr.  67.  Used  by  the  Tragg.  only  in  lyrics. 
Not  in  cl.  prose. 

*>e<£o<?.4  Ar.  uses  this  word  in  trim,  only  once,  where  the  tone 
is  excited.  In  all  it  occurs  but  6  times,  whereas  v€<f>e\rj  is  used 
26  times  (16  times  in  Nubes  as  a  proper  name)  and  in  nearly 
every  place  the  tone  is  sober.  Ar.,  like  Homer,  uses  v&fros  in 
metaphor  (cf.  Pax  1090.  Av.  295,  578  with  II.  4,  274.  17, 
243  and  755).  See  Buttman  sub  v.  The  following  are  its  occur- 
rences in  Ar. :  Nub.  228  (lyr.).  Pax  1090  (par.  of  II.  17,  243). 
Av.  295,  349,  578,  776.  In  Homer  ve<f>os  is  used  more  than 


The  Language  of  Parody.  41 


twice  as  often  as  ve^eXij.  So  it  is  with  Aischylos.  Prose:  Dein. 
18,  188  (figurative).  Demades  1,  15.  Plato  Tim.  49,  C.  [Epin.] 
987  A.  Hdt.  8,  109  (figurative).  Aristotle. 

i^Trto?.4'5  Nub.  105.  Pax  1063  (hex.,  par.).  Prose:  Anti- 
phon  III  B  11.  [Plato]  Ax.  366  D.  ib.  367  A.  Good  prose 
words  available  were  a(f>po)v,  /-tarato?,  fwopo'?,  ovecuo9.  See  Vesp.  729. 

vrjTrvTios  .l  Only  by  Sokrates  :  Nub.  868.  Oft.  in  Homer. 
Never  in  trag.  or  cl.  prose.  See  1/7777-409. 

w0o'/3oXo9.2  Only  in  par.  of  dithyrambic  poets:  Av.  952,  1385. 
Of  the  Tragg.  Euripides  alone  uses  it,  but  only  in  lyrics.  Cf. 
Eur.  Phoin.  206.  I.  A.  1284  and  Soph.  Ai.  695.  Not  in  cl. 
prose.  See  next  word. 

w(/>oa9.4  Only  in  anap.  tetr.  :  Nub.  273.  Not  in  cl.  prose. 
See  z/i<£o'/3oXo9,  7rre/3oet9,  o/c/3i>o'et9. 

voareoj4'5  for  ava%(0peo)  etc.  :  Ach.  29  (=$oiTav).  Av.  1270. 
Plut.  610.  The  cmpd.  Trepi-:  Pax  762.  Thes.  796.  Plut.  121, 
494.  Prose:  [Plato]  Epist.  335  C.  Hdt.  1,  73.  1,  122.  3, 
26.  7,  147. 

i/vo-o-o).4'  8  Nub.  321  (prob.  a  sophistic  use  of  the  word).  Plut. 
784.  There  was  a  proverb  \eovra  vva-treiv,  and  so  the  word  may 
have  been  common  enough. 

vvxtos.*  Only  in  anap.  tetr.  :  Av.  698  (poetic).  Cf.  Hes.  Op. 
521.  Th.  991.  Not  in  cl.  prose. 


ft/pea)3'5  for  iceipa).  Never  except  where  the  tone  is  tragic: 
Ach.  119  (par.  Eur.  fr.  858).  Thes.  191,  215  (a-rro-),  1043  (avro-). 
Prose :  Plato  Rpb.  341  C  ( — a  proverb.  Only  here  in  cl.  Attic 
prose).  Hdt.  It  is  to  be  noted  that  Sophokles,  the  most  Ionic 
of  the  Tragg.,  is  the  only  one  of  them  to  use  this  word. 

%vpovs>5  for  pdxaipa,  fcovpk.  Thes.  219.  Ekkl.  65.  fr.  320. 
Prose:  The  only  place  in  cl.  prose  is  a  proverb,  Hdt.  6,  11  (cf. 
II.  10,  173).  It  occurs  rarely  in  all  three  Tragg.  Used  chiefly 
in. the  proverb  "to  stand  on  the  razor's  edge."  See  %vpea>. 


42  The  Language  of  Parody. 


O 

07/coft)4  for  <f>va-do).  Never  in  trim.:  Vesp.  1024.  Ran.  703 
(just  before  a  par.  of  Archilochos).  Of  the  Tragg.  Eur.  uses  it 
most.  Prose :  Xen.  Mem.  1,  2,  25  (cf.  Kyr.  7,  2,  23.  Hell.  7, 
1,  24,  where  ava^v^do^an  is  used).  Epigr.  Gr.  233,  4.  cty/eo?  in 
Dem.  and  Isokr. 

S&o?.1'3  Only  in  hex. :  Ran.  1276  (=  Aisch.  Ag.  104).  Not 
in  cl.  prose. 

oSotTro/305.3' 5  Only  in  troch.  tetr.  :  Ach.  205  (tragic  tone). 
Prose:  Xen.  An.  5,  1,  14  (dub.  1.).  Hdt.  4,  110.  ib.  116. 
Both  these  writers  have  o&onropia,  as  well.  Soph.  oft.  has 
oSomopeiv  for  levcu  or  ftaSifeiv. 

6&vpTos.s  Only  in  par.  :  Ach.  1226  (see  Bakhuyzen).  Not  in 
cl.  prose. 

olSeto.6  Only  by  tragic  characters:  Ran.  940  (Eur.),  1192 
(Aisch.)  Cf.  Pax  1166.  Prose:  Plato  Gorg.  518  E.  Hdt.  3, 
76.  ib.  127.  Hipp.  Ae'r.  284.  Aristotle.  Demosth.  has  oiSrjfjia. 
Ar.  uses  olSfta  only  in  lyric  lines. 

olxTipa)*  for  e\ee&).  Mostly  in  par.:  Vesp.  328  (par.),  556, 
975  (mock  pathetic).  Lys.  961.  Thes.  1058,  1110  (both  par. 
of  Eur.  fr.  127).  The  cmpd.  tear-:  Thes.  1107  (par.  Eur.  fr. 
128).  The  Tragg.  use  this  verb  frequently: — Eur.  30;  Soph.  17 ; 
Aisch,  8,  while  eXeeiv  is  rare.  Cf.  Ar.  Vesp.  967,  975  with  Vesp. 
393.  Pax  400.  Ach.  706.  Prose :  Xen.  An.  1,  4,  7.  Oik.  7, 
40.  Plato  Euth.  288  D  (both  used).  [Lysias]  2,  72.  Hdt.  3, 
52.  ib.  119.  7,  38.  tear-  occurs  Xen.  Kyr.  7,  3,  14.  Hdt.  1, 
45.  4,  167. 

olfjuoyj.1'*  Only  in  hex.  in  par. :  Pax  1276  (cf.  II.  4,  450.  8, 
64),  1277,  1278.  Of  cl.  prose  writers  Hdt.  alone  has  it  (3,  66. 
cf.  8,  99). 

olfubfa  (aTT-).3  Only  in  tragic  quot.  :  Ekkl.  392  (par.  Aisch. 
fr.  138,  but  changed).  The  simple  oft.  in  Ar.,  and  always  has  a 
colloq.  tone.  The  only  place  cnroi/Mo^a)  finds  in  cl.  prose  is 
Antiphon  v.  41. 

ot'5 1(5  for  Trpdfiarov.     Pax  929,  930  (see  what  Ar.  says  here), 


The  Language  of  Parody.  43 

933  (cf.  937,  940),  1018  (cf.  1022),  1076  (par.),  1077  (par).  Av. 
566.  Prose :  Xen.  oft,  Plato  Rpb.  363  B  (from  Hesiod). 

ot^o/Aat  (St-).s  Only  in  ptg.  and  par.  :  Thes.  609.  Ekkl.  393 
(=  Aisch.  fr.  138).  Prose:  Plato  Phaid.  87  E.  Hdt.  4,  136 
(diff.  sense).  Prose :  a7ro\\v/j,ai  :  cf.  Nub.  1077.  Pax  355. 

oicpvoeis.1  Once  in  hex.  :  Pax  1098  (par.  II.  9,  64).  See 
i/t(/>o'et<»,  icpvepds,  o/u</>aAoei9. 

3X/&0?.1'3'5  Av.  1708  (ptg.  cf.  trag.  fr.  adesp.  49).  Lys.  1286. 
Thes.  129  (ptg.).  Ran.  452.  Ekkl.  1129  (rpio--),  1131  (ptg.). 
On  this  word  see  Lucian  Nigr.  1.  Prose:  Plato  Prot.  337  D. 
Lys.  212  E  (from  Solon).  Hdt.  oft.  In  tragedy:  Aisch.  2; 
Soph.  4;  Eur.  43.  Homer  about  15  times. 

6\iyoSpavr)<> 4  for  aaOevris.  Once  in  anap.  tetr.  :  Av.  686.  Cf. 
oXtyoSpavewv  II.  15,  246  etc.  Aisch.  Pr.  548  has  6\i<yoSpavia. 

ofAfta 4  for  6(f>0a\fjio<;.  Only  twice  in  trim,  and  both  are  par. 
Ach.  1184  (par.  trag.  fr.  adesp.  45).  Here  it  =  the  sun.  Nub. 
285  (=  sun),  290  (=sun),  705.  Lys.  1283.  Thes.  126  (ptg.), 
665,  958.  Ran.  817  (ptg.),  1354  (ptg.).  Ekkl.  1  (ptg.)  Oft. 
in  Homer,  Pindar  and  trag.  Prose :  Thuk.  2,  1 1  (ev  oupaai ; 
but  see  Xen.  An.  4,  5,  29.  Plato  Theait.  174  C.  Rpb.  452  D). 
Plato  Phaidros  253  E  (poetic).  Tim.  45  C  (poetic).  Rpb.  533 
D  (cf.  519  B).  Xen.  Hell.  7,  1,  30.  Dem.  61,  13.  Aischin. 
1,  102  (both  used).  3,  121  (religious  background),  ib.  255. 

owaroa  (ef  ).3  Only  in  par. :  Plut.  635  (Soph.  fr.  644).  It 
is  used  in  the  passive,  and  means  to  be  "  restored  to  sight." 

6fji,dp<ywiju  («TT-,  ef-).  The  cmpd.  with  euro  is  chiefly  epic* 
Not  in  cl.  prose  and  only  once  in  tragedy  (Eur.  fr.  694).  Ar. 
has  it:  Ach.  695,  706.  Vesp.  560  (cf.  Homer's  aTrefwp^aro 
odicpv).  The  cmpd.  e^ofjuypyvvfjn  may  be  held  to  be  a  tragic  cmpd. 
like  many  others  already  considered.  It  appears  once  in  Ar.  Nub. 
1393  (tragic  rhythm).  See  Van  Leeuwen  here. 

oy^aXoW.1  Only  in  hex.:  Pax  1274  (par.  cf.  II.  4,  447.  3, 
15.  8,  60),  1278.  See  w<£oet<?,  otcpvoev;. 

6i;vOvpovpai*  for  opyi^onat  (Pax  204.  Cf.  epeOi&nai,  at  Ach, 
669.  Vesp.  1104):  Vesp.  501.  Thes.  466.  An  Euripidean 
word. 

6t;vKdp8io<;.s     Only  in  troch.  tetr. :  Vesp.  430,     Elsewhere  only 


44  The  Language  of  Parody. 

at  Aisch.  Theb.  907.  See  o£tS0u/i05  Eq.  706.  Vesp.  406,  455, 
1105. 

oWf®.4  Only  in  hex.  and  lyrics  :  Eq.  200  (hex.  and  par.  cf. 
II.  8,  141).  Thes.  973  (exalted  tone).  The  Tragg.  use  it  mostly 
in  lyric  parts.  No  ex.  of  it  found  in  prose  of  el.  period  (Plato 
Rpb.  391  B  is  from  Homer).  Prose  :  SiBw/ju. 

oTrXore/oo?  for  vewrepos.    Only  in  hex.  :  Pax  1270  (par.),  1271. 

oTrrevw  (eV-)3  for  ^vkdrra)  (Eq.  499).  Only  in  par. :  Ran. 
1126  (=  Aisch.  Cho.  1),  1138  (=  1126),  1143  (taken  up  from 
1126).  Aisch.  is  fond  of  it.  In  cl.  prose  only  Plato  Legg.  951  D. 

OTrvfo9  for  yafiea).  Ach.  255.  fr.  222,  4  (dub.  1.).  No  real 
prose  warrant  (Plato  Krat.  402  C  is  a  poetic  citation). 

O7ro>93'5  for  eirei.  Only  in  par.  :  Nub.  60.  (See  Van  Leeuwen 
a.  1.  and  Wittekind,  p.  51). 

opyrj 9  for  r/ooW.  Eq.  41  (cf.  Vesp.  1030).  Pax  752.  Prose  : 
Thuk.  not  infreq.  has  it  in  this  sense.  Hdt.  6,  128  (both  words). 
As  =  "  anger"  it  is  quite  regular  and  occurs  oft.  in  Ar.  See 
Diener,  p.  15. 

opyia4'8  for  fjLva-Tijpia  or  reXerai.  Lys.  832  (ptg.).  Thes.  948, 
1151.  Ran.  356,  384.  See  Rutherford  N.  P.  p.  24,  and  for 
another  view  the  Amer.  Jour.  Philol.,  Vol.  XXV,  p.  304. 
Prose :  Lysias,  Isaios,  Plato,  Hdt.,  so  it  may  have  been  in  ordi- 
nary use  as  a  religious  word. 

opej^eeo.1  Only  in  iamb.  tetr.  :  Nub.  1368.  Found  in  Homer 
and  late  epic,  but  not  in  trag.  or  cl.  prose. 

o/3/e&)/iOTe<a>3  for  ofjuw/ju.  fr.  96.  Not  in  cl.  prose,  though  Plato 
has  6pK(0fjLOcria  and  6pica)fW(riov. 

opvaireriov11  for  opveov  (Av.  291,  305):  Ach.  913  (a  Boiotian 
speaks). 

opwpi.1  Only  in  hex. :  Pax  1287.  Ran.  1529.  The  tone  is 
parodic  in  both. 

opovco.4  fr.  523.  An  epic  and  tragic  word  not  found  in  cl. 
prose. 

oo-ioG)  (/ca0-).3  Only  in  ptg.  :  Plut.  661.  Of  the  Tragg.  only 
by  Eur.  Cf.  Eur.  I.  A.  1602  with  our  passage.  Prose  :  Ovw. 

QTOTV&S  for  K\a(a).     Pax   1011.     Lys.  520  (cf.  Vesp.  584. 


The  Language  of  Parody.  45 

Ran.  34.  For  the  thought  see  II.  6,  490).  Thes.  1081  (bis). 
See  Av.  1043.  Not  in  cl.  prose.  Cf.  tragic  ororot. 

O#Xy/i7ro9 4>  5  for  "OXu/iTTO?.  Only  in  par. :  Eq.  9  (cf.  Eur. 
H.  F.  872.  I.  A.  577). 

ofyayo^/o??.1' 5  Never  in  trim.:  Nub.  357,  459  (par.  cf.  II. 
10,  212.  Od.  9,  20).  In  both  the  tone  is  lofty.  Prose:  Hdt. 

2,  138.     See  espec.  Arist.  Rhet,  III,  7,  11. 

6'x#o5.4>5  Only  in  par.  and  lyrics:  Av.  774.  Thes.  1105 
(Eur.  fr.  125).  Ran.  1172  (=  Aisch.  Cho.  4).  See  Rutherford 
N.  P.  p.  25,  note  8.  Prose :  Xen.  Hipp.  6,  5.  8,  3.  Re  Eq. 

3,  7.     Hdt.  4,  203.    8,  52.     ity^XoV,  aicpov  are  reg.  prose  words, 
o-^r 4  for  (fxovtj.     Only  in  the  higher  tone  :  Pax  400  (prayer  to 

Hermes),  805  (of  a  tragic  poet).  Thes.  127  (ptg.).  With  Pax 
400  cf.  Vesp.  572.  Not  in  cl.  prose. 

/ 

n 

Trdyxy1'5  for  trdw.  Once  in  hex. :  Ran.  1531  (par.  Aisch.  fr. 
36).  In  cl.  prose  only  Hdt.  Prose  :  oXw?,  jrdw.  See  7ra/x.7rai/. 

Trai&evo)  (ai>a-).3'8  Only  in  par.:  Eq.  1099  (par.  Soph.  fr. 
447,  2). 

irai^a)  (e/*-)-3  Thes.  975  (a  senarian  in  the  midst  of  lyric 
lines).  See  Wittekind  p.  34. 

Traico  (Trapa-}  3>  8  for  Trapacfrpovea)  (freq.  in  Ar.),  TrapaTrX^TTO/iat 
(Lys.  831.  Ekkl.  139),  paivopai.  Never  in  trim.  :  Pax  90 
(ptg.).  Plut.  508.  In  cl.  prose  Plato  only:  Symp.  173  E 
(coupled  with  /j-aivofiai). 

Trauav5  for  tar/30?.  Only  in  par.:  Plut.  636  (cf.  Soph.  fr. 
644).  In  the  same  sense :  Aisch.  Ag.  99.  Soph.  Ph.  168.  Not 
in  cl.  prose. 

7raXa//,ao/i<u 3  for  /3ouXeu&>,  fju]%avdofj,cu,  re^vdofiai  (Ach.  445. 
Vesp.  176,  870,  1106,  etc.):  Ach.  659  (par.  Eur.  fr.  918). 
Nub.  176  (of  Sokrates).  Pax  94  (par.  Eur.  Bellerophon).  Used 
by  Eur.  alone  of  the  Tragg.  At  Vesp.  645  TraXa/not  =  wxavat. 
Prose :  Xen.  Kyr.  4,  3,  17  (only  place  in  cl.  prose). 

TrdXij 3  for  ^d^.  Only  in  par. :  fr.  558,  2  (cf.  Aisch.  Cho. 
866.  Eur.  Herakl.  159).  As  =  "  wrestling "  (Eq.  1238)  it  is 
good  prose. 


46  The  Language  of  Parody. 


for  crewo.  Only  in  par.  :  Ach.  965  (cf.  Aisch.  Sept. 
385).  Av.  1714  (cf.  trag.  fr.  adesp.  49).  Ran.  1317  (=  Eur. 
El.  435),  1358  (a/*-.  Schol.  says  e/c  Kprjr&v  EvparfBov).  As  = 
"to  leap:"  Ran.  345.  Lys.  1304,  1310  (a/*-).  For  Plut.  695 
av€Trav6fji,r)v  is  better.  Prose  :  Hdt.  4  times.  Plato  Krat.  407  A. 
[Ax.]  368  C.  Nowhere  else  in  cl.  prose.  See  tcpaSaiva. 

Tra/j/Sao-i'Xeta.1  Nub.  357,  1150  (both  lofty  tone).  Note  the 
epic  words  in  these  lines.  Not  in  cl.  prose. 

TrdftTrav1'5  for  TTCK/U,  TravreXoK.  Only  in  hex.:  Pax  121. 
Prose  :  Plato  6  times  ;  Xen.  7.  Hdt.  2,  45.  In  tragedy  by 
Eur.  only.  Homer  39  times.  See  Trdy^v. 

7ra/^>a^5.3     Only  in  ptg.  :  Av.  1  709  (cf.  trag.  fr.  adesp.  49). 

Travvo-rarov.3  Once  in  par.  :  Ach.  1184  (cf.  trag.  fr.  adesp. 
45).  See  also  Eur.  Alk.  164.  Prose  :  Aischines  3,  245  (passion- 
ate line).  The  reg.  prose  expression  is  ra  reXevrata. 

7rai>«6Xe0/J09.3'  5  Only  in  an  old  proverb  and  par.:  Av.  1239 
(par.  cf.  Aisch.  Ag.  535).  Lys.  1039  (bis).  Prose  :  Hdt.  6,  37. 
-jrava>\e8pia  Hdt.  2,  120. 

TraTreu.3  Ach.  1214.  Lys.  215.  A  tragic  word  well  suits  the 
subject  here.  For  similar  situations  where  tragic  words  are  used 
with  ludicrous  effect  see  under  <u'0o?,  0e/>fto/8oi>Xo9).  Plut.  220. 
At  Vesp.  309  (nrairal  (note  close  connection  with  the  following 
par.  of  Euripides'  Theseus).  Prose  :  Plato  Legg.  704  B.  Hdt. 
8,  26. 

TrapSatcos  2  for  1/7/309.  Only  in  troch.  tetr.  :  Pax  1148.  Cf. 
Archil.  129. 

7ra/>o94'5  for  Trpb  rov  (freq.  in  Ar.)  :  Eq.  1337.  Vesp.  1536 
(only  two  places  in  comedy).  In  the  first  the  whole  scene  is  a 
picture  of  the  old-time  Athens,  and  in  the  second  the  tone  is 
parodic.  In  cl.  prose  only  Hdt.  9,  2.  Homer  and  Eur.  have  it. 

TTcuro-o)4  for  Kara-rrcurcm  (Eq.  99,  502,  968.  Nub.  177,  262): 
Nub.  912,  1330.  Pax  1074  (par.).  Not  in  cl.  prose  since  Plato 
Rpb.  408  A  is  from  Homer. 

Trareopai1'5  for  <yevo/j,ai  (Ach.  188,  191).  Only  in  hex.  :  Pax 
1092  (par.),  1281  (par.).  Prose:  Hdt.  It  occurs  once  in  Aisch. 
and  Soph.  See  Wittekind. 

for  Trarpk  (freq.  in  Ar.).     Hardly  outside  of  parody  : 


The  Language  of  Parody.  47 

Ach.  147.  Thes.  136  (cf.  Aiscli.fr.  61).  Ran.  1163,  1427  (Eur. 
fr.  incert.  886).  Not  in  cl.  prose.  Ar.  never  uses  the  Ionic  form 
],  so  he  used  Trdrpa  deliberately  as  a  tragic  word. 

*  for  6X470?.  Only  in  anap.  tetr.  :  Pax  764.  Note  the 
alliteration  here,  which  may  have  influenced  the  choice  of  this 
word.  Not  in  cl.  prose  (Plato  Phaid.  69  C  is  from  some  poet.) 

7reSa/mo<?3  for  fterecopo?  (Eq.  1367.  Nub.  264,  266.  Av.  818 
cf.  690).  Once  in  par.  :  Av.  1197  (tr.  frag,  adesp.  47).  Aisch. 
alone  of  the  Tragg.  uses  it.  TreSaipew,  however,  occurs  in  Eur. 
See  lAerdpa-ios. 

TreSiXov4  for  vTroSij/jLara.  Only  in  oracular  language  and  par. : 
Av.  973,  974  (oracular).  Thes.  1099  (Eur.  fr.  124).  In  cl. 
prose  only  Hdt.  7.  67  and  75.  In  trag.  only  Eur. 

TreSov3  for  TreSiov,  e'Sa^o?,  777.  Only  in  par.  or  lyrics  :  Nub. 
573.  Av.  1757.  Thes.  856  (=  Eur.  Hel.  2).  Plut.  772.  First 
in  h.  Horn.  Ceres  455,  then  oft.  in  Pindar  and  Eur.  Not  in  cl. 
prose. 

7reipdofj,ai  (e/e-)3  for  simple  (Vesp.  1129  and  oft.):  Eq.  1234 
(see  Bakhuyzen).  Lys.  1113  (tragic  rhythm  in  both  places). 
Prose  :  [Plato]  Epist.  362  E.  Hdt.  3,  135. 

TreKQ)  for  tcetpco.  Nub.  1356  (an  allusion  to  Simonides  15). 
The  form  Tre/crew  occurs  Av.  714.  Lys.  685. 

Tre'Xai/o?.3  Once  in  par.  :  Plut.  661.  Freq.  in  tragedy.  Prose: 
Plato  Legg.  782  C.  See  Van  Leeuwen's  note. 

Tre'Xo)1  for  elfjii.  Once  in  hex.  :  Pax  1276.  Here  yiyvofAat 
would  have  been  the  natural  word.  Aisch.  has  it  about  30  times, 
but  it  is  far  less  common  in  Soph,  and  Eur.  Prose :  Hdt.  7,  140 
(oracle).  Plato  (only  in  epic  quot.). 

TreXoi/oto?.1  Once  in  ptg.  :  Av.  321  (cf.  Aisch.  Prom.  151). 
Only  place  in  comedy,  nor  is  it  found  in  cl.  prose.  It  is  rare  in 
trag.  Arist.  has  a  commentary  on  it.  Rhet.  3,  7,  11  (read  from 
ra  8e  ovd/^ara-  on).  Cf.  Plato  Ion.  539  C  (from  Homer). 

•jremxpos2  for  Trevijs  (freq.  in  Ar.).  Once  in  par.  :  Plut.  976 
(cf.  Alkaios  fr.  50).  Prose  :  Plato  Rpb.  578  A  (of  a  tyrant's 
soul).  Demosth.  19,  255  (elegy  of  Solon). 

TrerrXw/ia3  for  TrerrXo?.  Only  in  ptg.  :  Ach.  426  (cf.  fr.  adesp. 
42.  Eur.  Supp.  97).  Throughout  tragedy.  Not  in  cl.  prose. 


48  The  Language  of  Parody. 

7repiKa\\r}<;.4' 5  Thes.  282.  Freq.  in  Homer.  Neither  in  trag. 
nor  Attic  prose.  Hdt.  5,  60  (oracle).  7,  5. 

7re/3t7TTu%r;.3  Once  in  par.  :  Av.  1241  (cf.  Nauck  Trag.  Graec. 
Fr.  p.  507).  Euripidean  word  not  found  in  cl.  prose,  though 

is  used  by  Plato  and  Xen. 

1  for  iwrpcuricw  (Ach.  734.  Vesp.  179.  Pax  1011): 
Eq.  176  (oracular  flavor).  The  only  other  place  in  Attic  Greek 
is  Eur.  Kykl.  271. 

Tre/oo-eTToXi?.2  Only  in  troch.  tetr.  :  Nub.  967  (quot.  from  the 
dithyrambic  poet  Lamprokles).  Neither  in  Homer  nor  in  cl. 
prose.  See  Aisch.  Pers.  65.  Call.  Lav.  Pall.  4,  3. 

Trerrjo-o pai, 10  for  irrrfffOfiaL  (Vesp.  208) :  Pax  77  (par.  Eur.  fr. 
306),  1126. 

Trevicr) 3  for  Sax  (freq.  in  Ar.)  or  Xa/ATrcfc.  Only  in  par.  :  Nub. 
604  (cf.  1494).  Ran.  1212  (both  are  par.  of  Eur.  fr.  752.) 
Used  by  no  cl.  prose  writer  in  this  sense. 

TrrjKrd5  probably  for  6vpa  or  KtjK'Xfc  (Eq.  641.  Vesp.  124). 
Once  in  par.  :  Ach.  478  (cf.  Eur.  fr.  1003  and  Ar.  Lys.  265). 

TTTjX^1  for  icpdvos  (Ach.  584,  1104.  Pax  1255).  Only  in 
heroic  tone:  Ran.  1017  (Aisch.).  Note  Kpavo7roiwv  in  fol.  line. 
Not  in  cl.  prose.  See  rpv(f>d\eia. 

7rr)fj,a(va)4  for  BXairro).  Once  in  iamb.  tetr.  :  Ach.  842  (see 
Av.  1642  for  an  exactly  parallel  use  of  /SXaTrrw).  Prose:  Hdt. 
Plato  (esp.  Legg.).  The  noun  vr^ita  at  Plato  Ion  538  D  is  from 
Homer;  Hdt.  1,  67  is  an  oracle;  Aischines  3,  135  is  from 
Hesiod. 

7rtO(bv3<5  for  TretW.  Ran.  1168  (Eur.).  Plut.  949  (tragic 
metre).  Cf.  Pindar  P.  3,  28.  Aisch.  Pr.  560. 

TTto-yz/o? 3  for  TTtcrreiW.  Never  in  trim. :  Nub.  949  (a  hit  at 
Eur.  who  is  identified  with  the  dSiieos  Xoyo?).  Vesp.  385.  Pax 
84  (par.  Eur.  Bellerophon).  In  cl.  Attic  prose  :  Thuk.  2,  89,  6. 
5,  14,  3.  6,  2,  6.  These  are  the  only  places  in  Attic,  but  Hdt. 
has  the  word  several  times  and  it  is  found  in  the  epos  and  tragedy. 

TTirvXevco.4  Once  in  anap.  tetr.:  Vesp.  678  (see Van  Leeuwen). 
Ribbeck  compares  II.  24,  341.  Nowhere  else  in  extant  literature. 
See  TTtruXos. 

3' 4     Once  in  hex. :  fr.  84.     In  the  same  sense  :  Eur, 


The  Language  of  Parody.  49 

Tr.  1123.  I.  T.  1050,  1346.  Aisch.  Pers.  975.  It  is  used 
freq.  in  trag.  and  of  various  sounds.  Cf.  Theok.  22,  127.  Not 
in  cl.  prose. 

TrXaSSida) 7  for  7rapa(f>pove(o  or  Xrjpelv  perhaps  (cf.  Nub.  367)  : 
Lys.  171  (Lamp.),  990  (Lak.  herald). 

7rXa£.3  Once  in  par.  :  Ran.  1438  (Eur.  speaks ;  cf.  Eur.  fr. 
578,  4.  Find.  P.  1,  24).  Not  in  cl.  prose,  but  Arist.  has  it  in 
anatomical  descriptions. 

TrXa-n;3  for  Kcwrr)  and  vavs.  Only  by  Eur.  and  his  relative 
where  there  is  a  touch  of  parody:  Thes.  770-773  (an  echo  from 
the  Palamedes).  Ran.  1207  (=  Eur.  fr.  846,  2).  Freq.  in  Eur. 
Not  in  cl.  prose. 

7rXe/eo93'4  for  fcavovv  (Ach.  243,  253.  Pax  948.  Av.  850). 
Twice  in  par.  :  Ach.  454  (cf.  a-jrvpiSiov  at  453,  and  for  the  par. 
Eur.  fr.  717).  Pax  528  (cf.  Eur.  fr.  727%  but  he  has  re/co?). 
Homer  and  the  Tragg.  use  7rXe/co>  and  TrXe/cro?,  but  TrXe/co?  occurs 
only  at  Eur.  Ion  39  (Herwerden's  conj.  for  tr/cOro?,  the  reading  of 
both  L  and  P.  Prinz  reads  ACI/TO?.  TrXe/eo?  occurs  nowhere  else 
in  the  literature.  See  TrXo'/ea/io?. 

7r\eKTavr]s  (cf.  TrXe/eTTj  Plato  Com.  <I>a.  1,  16).  Once  in  par.: 
Av.  1717  (cf.  II.  1,  317.  Aisch.  Pr.  394,  and  for  the  par.  cf.  trag. 
fr.  adesp.  49).  Not  found  in  the  epos  nor  in  cl.  prose,  where 
would  probably  suffice.  See  7rXoW/io<?. 

5- 6  for  yeiTwv  (freq.  in  Ar.).  Only  once  :  Vesp. 
393  (cf.  389).  Prose :  Plato  Legg.  737  C  (see  just  below). 
Thuk.  4,  79,  2.  Xen.  Kyr.  4,  5,  35.  Hdt.  freq. 

TrXiWo^at.1  Probably  only  in  par.:  Ach.  217  (atro-  a  par.). 
Cf.  Od.  6,  318  (simple).  Archil.  52  (Sia-).  Not  in  cl.  prose. 

TrXo'/ca/io?4  for  which  Ar.  elsewhere  uses  KUCIWO?  (Vesp.  1069. 
fr.  218).  Once  in  a  dithyrambic  phrase  :  Nub.  336.  In  tragedy  : 
Eur.  15  times;  Aisch.  6  ;  Soph,  uses  TrXoW?.  Prose:  Xen.  Ven. 
9,  12  (=a  rope).  Hdt.  4,  34.  See  TrXe/co?,  TrXe/CTain;,  /So'a-rpu^o?. 

Trvori4  for  Trvevfia.  Only  in  lines  of  exalted  tone:  Nub.  161 
(cf.  164,  where  the  pupil  forgets  to  keep  up  his  high  discourse). 
Av.  1396,  1397  (Kinesias).  Thes.  43  (ptg.).  Ran.  154  (Herakl.), 
313.  Eur.  is  fond  of  the  word.  In  cl.  prose  only  Thuk.  4,  100. 


50  The  Language  of  Parody. 

Plato  Krat.  419  D  is  only  for  etymology.     Still  see  the  cmpds. 
avcnrvor)  and  etcTrvorj  in  general. 

7ro0etw9.3' 8  Only  in  ptg.  or  excited  passages  :  Ach.  886  (ptg.). 
Pax  556.  Av.  696  (cf.  Soph.  O.  R.  156).  Ran.  84  (cf.  Eur. 
Phoin.  320).  Both  adj.  and  noun  are  freq.  in  Eur.  Prose: 
Plato  Legg.  932  A.  Lysis  215  B.  [Lysias]  2,  73.  Thuk.  2, 
42,  4.  Xen.  freq.  See  l/j,eip(o,  tftepos. 

iro\ep%a>1  for  TroXe/Wft).  Nub.  419.  Pax  759  (cf.  754). 
Thes.  807  (there  is  a  par.  of  Homer  at  810).  Not  in  trag.  nor 
cl.  prose. 

7To\vtcoipavo$.3  Once  in  par.  :  Ran.  1270  (Aisch.  fr.  238). 
An  Aischylean  word  :  cf.  7ro\vKoipavir).  II.  2,  204.  See  tcoipavos. 

TroXu/ieT/309.3  Once  in  par.:  Ran.  1240  (—  Eur.  fr.  516). 
Elsewhere  only  Athen.  608  D. 

Only  in  anap.  tetr. :  Vesp.  351  (see  line). 
Never  in  trim. :  Eq.  1328  (following  Pindar's 
praise  of  Athens).  Ran.  324  (so  Van  Leeuwen,  but  Bergk  reads 
TToXyrt/A^rot?).  Elsewhere:  Eur.  Ion  1074  (lyric);  cf.  h.  Horn. 
25,  7.  Not  in  Homer,  Hesiod,  Pindar.  See  TroXvv/ii^ro?  Pind. 
N.  II,  5. 

TroXi^a/n'Sa?.7  Lys.  1008,  1242.  See  the  Attic  word  at  Plut. 
788. 

TroWo?.3  Only  in  par.  or  lyrics:  Pax  140  (probably  a  par.  of 
Eur.  Bellerophon).  Av.  251.  Thes.  322,  872  (cf.  trag.  fr.  adesp. 
64).  Ran.  1341  (ptg.).  Chiefly  tragic,  but  found  in  Pindar  and 
h.  Horn.  21,  3.  Not  in  cl.  prose.  See  tfaXarrto?  (Vesp.  1519. 
Av.  1333.  Plut.  396). 

7ropipo<}s  for  eforo/ao?  (Vesp.  1112.  Ekkl.  236).  Hardly 
outside  of  par.  or  ptg. :  Pax  1031  (cf.  Aisch.  Pr.  908).  Thes. 
777  (par.  Eur.  Palamedes  perhaps).  Ran.  1429  (par.  cf.  trag. 
fr.  incert.  886,  3).  Prose:  Thuk.  8,  76,  3.  Plato  Symp.  203 D 
(nowhere  else  in  cl.  prose).  See  foil.  word. 

TTo/305 3  for  \M)ixavT).  Only  in  par.  or  ptg.  ;  Vesp.  308.  Pax 
124  (Eur.  fr.  669).  Thes.  769  (ptg.)  cf.  765.  See  TTO/W/IO?. 

TroW3  Only  in  par.  :  Thes.  866  (Eur.  Hel.  49),  901,  914 
(cf.  Eur.  Hel.  627).  Freq.  in  Homer,  Pindar,  tragedy  (esp. 
Eur.).  Prose  word  is  avrjp. 


The  Language  of  Parody.  51 

Trorao/icu.4  Only  in  the  higher  style  :  Nub.  319  (Strepsiades 
adopts  Sokrates'  manner).  Pax  830  (mockery  of  dithyrambic 
poets).  Av.  251,  1338  (par.  Soph.  fr.  435),  1445  (of.  Eur.  El. 
177). 

Trpayos3  for  -jrpa^^a.  Only  in  par.  or  ptg.  :  Av.  112.  Lys. 
706  (par.  Eur.  fr.  699).  Not  in  cl.  prose. 

Trpepvov3  for  xpfjfjLa,  etc.  Only  in  par.  or  ptg.  :  Av.  321. 
Lys.  267  (cf.  /co/a/to?,  255).  Ran.  903  (avroirpefjivois  cf.  Aisch. 
Eum.  401.  Sept.  1056,  and  Trpopptfrs  used  in  the  same  sense  at 
Ran.  587).  Not  in  cl.  prose  in  this  meaning.  See  Trpode\vnvos. 

jrpevfjiev^3  for  Trpaos.     Once  in  par.  :  fr.  21.    Not  in  cl.  prose. 

7rpo/3\r)fjLa.l>  4  Once  in  par.  :  Vesp.  615  (Homeric  color).  See 
Van  Leeuwen  here.  Prose  :  Plato  freq.  Xen.  Kyr.  6,  1,  51. 
Demosth.  45,  69.  Hdt.  4,  175.  7,  70. 

7r/>o0e'Xy/*z/o9  l  for  apSrjv.  Eq.  528.  Pax  1210  (ptg.).  Not  in 
trag.  nor  cl.  prose.  See  Trpdppi&s  and  avTOTrpeftvois  (under 


'  5  for  apSrjv  (Thes.  274)  :  Ran.  587.  See  Wittekind. 
Once  in  cl.  prose  :  Andok.  1,  146  (an  imit.  of  Soph.  El.  765). 
See  Trpode\v/jivo<;. 

7r/)ocre/u,$e/D?7<?  3i  5  for  cfyioto?.  fr.  460  7rapa,7r\rj<rio<;  is  also  in 
good  prose  usage.  Our  word  is  found  in  cl.  prose  only  in  Xen. 
and  Hdt.  :  Xen.  Symp.  4,  19  (a  gloss).  Hdt.  4,  2.  The  tragic 
fragments  show  it  4  times.  See  t/ceXo?,  e/A^e/3^?. 

Tr/ao^oT;4  for  aro/jLa  (Ekkl.  1107).  Only  in  anap.  tetr.  :  Nub. 
272.  Found  in  epic  and  lyric  poets,  but  it  fades  out  in  tragedy 
after  Aisch.  Not  in  cl.  prose. 

7r/3o%oo9  4  for  vSpia  (Vesp.  926.  Ekkl.  678).  Only  in  anap. 
tetr.  :  Nub.  272.  Once  in  cl.  prose  :  Xen.  Kyr.  5,  2,  7.  See 
017709. 

TTTepoSdvyros  2  (cf.  aepoSdvrjro^.  A  word  coined  for  par.  :  Av. 
1390,  1402  (mockery  of  Kinesias).  See  Soveca. 

TrTe/soet?.4  Only  in  anap.  tetr.  :  Av.  576,  698.  fr.  224. 
Familiar  in  Homer  in  the  phrase  eVea  Tnepdevra.  See  w<£o'et?. 

TrTe/Jo^o/ao?.3'  8  Av.  1714  (ptg.  cf.  trag.  fr.  adesp.  49  and  Av. 
576),  1757.  Not  in  cl.  prose. 

TTTWO  (cnro-)  3  in  the  signif.  "  to  abominate."     Only  in  par.  : 


52  The  Language  of  Parody. 

Pax  528  (Eur.  fr.  727).     Prose:  Xen.  Mem.  1,  2,  54.     Kyr. 

1,  2,  16  (both  mean  to  "spit  out").     See  cnroTrrvo-TO? 3  at  Eq. 
1285.     It  is  not  in  the  Orators  who  use  KaraTrrvcrro^. 

Trv/cvds3  for  XeTTTo?,  Se£to'<?  (freq.  in  Ar.).  Only  in  ptg.  and 
lyrics:  Ach.  445  (ptg.).  Av.  430.  Thes.  438.  Ekkl.  571. 
Prose :  Plato  Rpb.  568  A.  Hdt.  7,  141  (oracle). 

TrvvBdvofjiai  (eV-) 3  for  the  simple  (freq.  in  Ar.) :  Ekkl.  752. 
Plut.  60.  These  tragic  cmpds.  have,  perhaps,  a  slightly  more 
picturesque  effect  than  the  simple  verb,  but  often  Ar.  seems  not 
to  be  trying  for  any  poetic  effect  when  using  them. 

Trvpyoco 3  for  €7raipa>.  Only  in  anap.  tttr.  :  Pax  749.  Ran. 
1004  (to  Aisch.  Cf.  Anthol.  Pal.  7,  39).  Eur.  is  fond  of  it.  Not 
in  cl.  prose  in  this  sense. 

7Tvp<f>6po<;.s's  Only  in  par.:  Av.  1248  (Aisch.  fr.  160,  2), 
1750.  Thes.  1050  (cf.  Eur.  fr.  122).  Prose:  Xen.  Lak.  13,  2 
(of  the  priest  who  kept  the  sacrificial  fire).  So  Hdt.  8,  6.  Thuk. 

2,  75  (of  arrows). 


as="an  ox-hide  shield."  Once  in  hex.:  Pax  1274 
(par.  cf.  II.  3,  15.  4,  446).  Chiefly  epic  but  also  Eur.  Rhes. 
784  (in  diff.  sense).  Not  in  cl.  prose. 

poa£*  Only  in  par. :  Thes.  855  (=  Eur.  Hel.  1),  865  (=  Eur. 
Hel.  52).  Eur.  uses  it  of  all  kinds  of  fluids.  Prose:  Plato 
Theait.  152  E  (Homeric  suggestion.  Here  it  means  "  flux"),  ib. 
206  D  (figur.).  Krat.  402  A  (Trora/iov.  Homer  and  Herakleitos 
are  in  Plato's  mind).  Not  elsewhere  in  cl.  prose,  but  freq.  in  the 
epos  and  tragedy.  Prose  word  =  pevpa. 

polfiSos.4' 8  Only  in  anap.  tetr. :  Nub.  407  (Sokrates.  Cf.  Av. 
1182.  Soph.  Ant.  1004).  Eustathios  says  it  is  Aiolic  for  poi&s. 
Hesych.  gives  pdy%o<;.  Not  in  cl.  prose. 

po%r)/jba.4's  Once  in  ptg.  :  Av.  1182  (Van  Leeuwen  compares 
II.  10,  502.  16,  361,  etc.).  The  word  is  very  rare,  occurring 
only  here  and  Lucian  Jup.  Trag.  1.  Muse.  Enc.  2. 

pua^ero?7  for  7rX?)#o?,  0^X09,  <ru/>06T09.  Lys.  170  (Lamp.) 
Cf.  Vesp.  666,  673. 


The  Language  of  Parody.  53 


(7ra/>ei>-).2  Only  in  par.  :  Plut.  291  (Philoxenos 
Kyklops  fr.  11  Bgk.).  See  foil.  word. 

o-a'Xo?.3  Once  in  par.  :  Thes.  872  (cf.  trag.  fr.  adesp.  64). 
Eur.  shows  a  fondness  for  the  word,  and  Nauck  thinks  that  this 
is  a  par.  of  some  verse  of  his.  Prose  :  [Lysias]  6,  49.  cf.  (Soph. 
Ant,  163). 

<r€\ayeofjiai*  Ach.  924,  925.  Nub.  285,  604.  Eur.  El.  714 
is  the  only  other  instance  in  Attic  poetry.  It  does  not  appear  in 
the  epos  nor  in  cl.  prose.  See  <reXa?. 

o-e'Xa?1'3  for  </>a>9.  Once  in  ptg.  :  Av.  1711  (cf.  trag.  fr. 
adesp.  49).  It  is  common  in  Homer  and  tragedy.  Prose :  Plato 
Krat.  409  B  (see  the  passage.  Plato  does  not  really  use  the 
word  as  his  own).  Hdt.  3,  28.  Aristotle.  See  word  above. 

a-Bevco4'9  for  Svva/jiat.  Plut.  912.  Also  in  good  prose.  See 
Rutherford  N.  P.  p.  10. 

<riSr)po@pieri<;.s  Once  in  par.:  Ran.  1402  (=  Eur.  fr.  531). 
Euripidean  word. 

ovea<£o93>8  for  z/aw,  Tpt^pf]^.  Only  in  par.  or  ptg.  :  Ach.  541, 
545.  Vesp.  29  (diff.  sense).  Lys.  139  (cf.  Soph.  fr.  860). 
Thes.  877.  Ran.  1382  (=  Eur.  Med.  1).  Still  the  word  is  not 
rare  in  good  prose:  Dem.  9,  69.  14,  22.  23,  165  (see  4  lines 
above).  59,  95  (see  4  words  before).  Thuk.  1,  50.  Hdt.  7, 
182.  Compare  our  poetic  and  prosaic  use  of  "bark,"  and  the 
commercial  phrase  "  carried  in  foreign  bottoms." 

oWXXeo  (a-Tro-).3'4    Only  in  ptg.  :  Vesp.  160. 

cr/CT/TTTd)  (/cara-) 3  for  eTTLTrhrro).  Only  in  par. :  fr.  558,  2. 
Prose:  Thuk.  2,  49,  8.  Xen.  Mem.  4,  3,  14  (e7-).  Hdt.  7, 
134.  ib.  137.  8,  65. 

<™oVeXo9.4  Nub.  273.  Ran.  471  (par.  cf.  Eur.  fr.  176,  3). 
Common  in  Homer  and  Eur.  Not  in  cl.  prose. 

(T/ie/aSaXeo? l  for  <£o/3e/)09,  e/cTrX^Acrt/to'?.  Only  in  a  parodic 
passage  :  Av.  553.  Here  the  subject  justifies  the  word. 

(Tirapdffcro)  (Sm-).3' 8  Only  in  a  par. :  Ran.  474  (see  Bakhuyzeu). 
Elsewhere  we  find  it  Aisch.  Pers.  195.  Eubul.  Ai^y.  1.  Lucian 
Icarom.  21.  Cl.  prose  writers  use  Siaa-Trow.  Cf.  Siaa-TrapaKrov 


54  The  Language  of  Parody. 

a-(0fj,a    (Eur.    Bak.    1220).      In    simple   our   word   is   used   by 
Demosth.  and  Ar.  Ach.  688.    Pax  641.    Ran.  424. 

a-Trari^rj.5  Once  by  an  Ionian :  Pax  48.  For  equiv.  see  Ach. 
1169.  Pax  162. 

trir\dyxvas  for  tcapSta  (Nub.  1391.  Ean.  1006  etc.)  :  Nub. 
1036.  Ran.  844,  1006. 

<nro8eo)  (Kara-).3  Thes.  560.  Aischylean  word.  Not  in  cl. 
prose. 

(nropd3  for  701/7;,  o-Tre/3/ia.  Only  in  par.  :  fr.  297  (cf.  Aisch. 
fr.  56). 

(rraQfJuk 3  for  1)  oltcia.  2)  rpvrdvij  or  TrXdarty^.  In  the  first 
sense  only  in  par. :  Ach.  449  (cf.  Eur.  El.  1150.  trag.  fr.  adesp. 
44).  In  the  second  signif. :  Ran.  1365  (cf.  1378),  1381,  1407. 
The  meaning  is  doubtful  at  fr.  287. 

arrareco  (-Tra/aa-)3  for  Tra/jwrra/iat  or  j3or)0€Q>.  Thes.  370.  Ekkl. 
9  (ptg.).  The  cmpd.  av^jrapa — Ran.  385.  Ekkl.  15  (ptg.). 
Neither  cmpd.  occurs  in  cl.  prose.  See  avfnrapaa-rdrri'j. 

o-ra%y?3  for  <9e>o?  or  <f>opd.  Eq.  393  (cf.  392).  Ran.  1240 
(par.  Eur.  fr.  516).  Not  in  cl.  prose — rare  in  the  epos — freq. 
in  Eur. 

a-revd^a)1  for  a-revd^a).  Ach.  548.  Never  in  cl.  prose,  and  in 
trag.  only  in  chorus. 

(TT(\j3a>.4  Never  in  trim.  :  Pax  567  (Sta-).  Av.  697.  fr.  8,  1 
(Sta-).  In  cl.  prose  :  Plato  only.  Cf.  the  proper  names  at  Av. 
131,  1032.  At  fr.  561  o-Tt'X/fy  ==  a  lamp. 

o-rt^e?.1  Only  in  par.  :  Eq.  163.  Chiefly  epic  but  also  tragic. 
Never  in  cl.  prose. 

o-roXo?.3  Av.  46  (cf.  42).  Lys.  93  (=  a  band.  So  Aisch. 
often).  In  the  signif.  "voyage"  Xen.  An.  1,  3,  16.  Thuk.  8, 
9  (=  expeditio).  See  Soph.  O.  C.  358.  Ph.  244.  Hdt.  has  it 
freq.  and  in  various  meanings. 

o-rparto?4'5  for  TroXe/u/co?  or  <£oySe/>o9.  Vesp.  618  (o-TpaTiov 
Karen-apSev).  Prose:  Hdt.  5,  119.  Aristotle.  For  the  use  of 
poetic  words  in  vulgar  situations  see  under  iratral. 

o-rvyepos.1'3  Only  in  ptg. :  Ach.  1191,  1207.  Common  in  the 
epos  and  trag.  See  o-n*y©&>. 

1' 3    Only  in    par.   or  lyric  lines :    Ach.   33   (trag.   fr, 


The  Language  of  Parody.  55 

adesp.  41),  472  (Eur.  fr.  568).  Thes.  1144.  Not  in  cl.  prose. 
See  (TTwyepos. 

<rTv<f>e\i<y/jio<> l  for  \oi8opia,  v/Spts,  /u,e/A$i5.  Only  in  anap.  tetr. : 
Eq.  537.  SeeWittekindand  Jungiuss.  v.  a-rv(j>e\%ci>  is  Homeric. 

(yv^trapacrrdrri^^  Plut.  326.  Elsewhere  only  Soph.  Ph.  675. 
See  o-rareo)  (jrapa-"). 

<rvva\id£co 7  for  crvva6poi%a>  (Lys.  585)  :  Lys.  93  (Lamp.). 

(Twe^es  for  a-we^us  (Ran.  915) :  Eq.  21  (par.  Eur.  Hipp. 
345-351). 

<r<f>e l  for  cr$a9.  Only  in  a  burlesque  oracle :  Eq.  1020  (hex.). 
Found  also  in  trag. 

ffQpiydv.3'5  Nub.  799.  Lys.  80.  Cl.  Attic  prose  only  Plato 
Legg.  840  B.  The  Scholiast  explains  the  word  by  eixrOevel, 
eva-w/jLarei.  Not  in  the  epos  but  found  in  trag.  :  Eur.  Andr.  196. 
Supp.  478.  Ach.  4,  2  p.  747  Nauck.  In  the  prose  of  Hippo- 
krates.  See  Jungius  under  <r<ppiyo<;. 

a-^eBov l  used  of  place  and  time.  Only  in  epic  parody :  Pax 
1273  (cf.  II.  3,  15).  Ar.  ordinarily  uses  7r\r}(riov  in  this  sense. 

<r%€T\io<;*  for  roXfjujpos,  <wyu.o9,  a0\ios.  Ach.  360  (ptg.).  Nub. 
485.  Ran.  116,  1049,  1476.  Used  in  place  of  atfXto?  it  is  prob. 
felt  as  a  tragic  word,  as  it  occurs  freq.  in  Eur.  (cf.  Hdt.  3,  155). 
In  the  sense  of  "  cruel,  shocking,  abominable  "  it  appears  sometimes 
in  prose:  Plato  Gorg.  467  B.  Isok.  6,  56.  18,  35.  Xen.  An. 
7,  6,  30.  Hdt.  6,  138  ;  but  in  all  these  it  is  confined  to  things, 
never  being  used  of  persons.  In  the  meaning  "  wicked "  it  is 
used  of  persons  in  good  prose. 

o-<»£c0  (e*-)-3  Only  in  par. :  Pax  1301  (hex.).  The  Schol.  says 
it  is  a  par.  of  Archilochos.  Freq.  in  Soph.,  and  in  the  following 
places  in  Attic  prose:  Dem.  19,  299  (see  six  lines  above).  Plato 
Gorgias  486  B.  ib.  508  C.  Not  in  Hdt. 


y7  for  ra£i?  (cf.  Ach.  600)  :  Lys.  105  (Lamp.). 

for  qyefjuav.     Eq.  159.     Aisch.  likes  the  word.     Prose: 
Xen.  Hell.  6,  4,  28.     See  on  a/a^e'Xao?. 

Ta\avpivo<;.1     Only  in  the  mock-heroic  tone :  Ach.  964  (par. 
Aisch.  Sept.  384).    Pax  241.    Homer  has  it  as  an  epithet  of  Ares. 


56  The  Language  of  Parody. 

Tavpo<f>dyos.s  Only  in  par. :  Ran.  357  (cf.  Soph.  fr.  607).  See 
Meineke  Com.  fr.  1  p.  52. 

re77&>.3  Never  in  trim.  :  Lys.  550  (=  to  relent.  Cf.  Plato 
Legg.  880  E,  and  s.  v.  /LiaXarro/Aat).  Ran.  1311  (par.  Eur.  fr. 
856).  Here  the  sense  =  "  to  wet."  With  Lys.  550  cf.  Thes. 
1047.  In  cl.  prose  Plato  only. 

rercvov.*  Nearly  always  in  passages  of  tragic  tone  :  Ach.  891 
(ptg.).  Nub.  1165  (par.  Eur.  Hek.  172  ff.),  1169  (ptg.).  Vesp. 
1518  (par.).  Lys.  7  (here  used  by  a  woman  in  addressing  another 
woman  of  her  own  age).  Thes.  469  (cf.  Eur.  Med.  714  ff.),  698, 
754,  755, 1062  (Eur.),  1181  (Eur.),  1198.  Ran.  211  (lyr.),  1322 
(ptg.),  1356  (par.),  fr.  125,  1-3.  461  (par.)  585,  1  (par.).  Cf. 
Thes.  752  and  761.  traiSiov  is  used  by  mothers  in  speaking  of 
their  children  at  Ekkl.  86  (92),  549.  Xen.  and  Hdt.  have  it  of 
the  young  of  animals,  which  indicates  the  poetic  nature  of  the 
word.  It  is  freq.  in  Homer  and  tragedy.  Pindar  has  it  5  times. 

re/co?.1  Only  in  a  par. :  Plut.  292  (Philoxenos  fr.  lip.  1263 
Bgk.).  Chiefly  epic :  Homer  56  times ;  Hesiod  4 ;  Pindar  3  ; 
Aisch.  4 ;  Eur.  7.  Prose :  Thuk.  3,  104,  3  (re/ceeo-o-t). 

TCKraivopai 3>  8  for  wxavdopai.  Ach.  660  (par.  Eur.  fr.  918,  2). 
Eq.  462.  Prose :  It  occurs  in  our  transferred  sense  Plato  Soph. 
224  D.  Cf.  Tim.  91  A.  Dernosth.  34,  48.  See  on  iraXafuiofuu. 

TCKTCOV  4  used  of  poets  is  poetic.  Eq.  530  (a  title  of  a  song  by 
fcratinos).  Cf.  Pind.  N.  5,  90.  P.  3,  113.  As  used  at  Pax 
296.  Av.  1134,  1154  it  is  prosaic. 

reXXo)  (eVt-,  Tre/at-.).  The  cmpd.  eVt-  is  epic,  occurring  only 
once  in  a  mock-oracle :  Av.  977  (hex.).  The  only  place  in  trag. 
is  Aisch.  Pr.  100  (diff.  sense).  Prose  equiv.  are 
eTUTaTTcu.  The  cmpd.  Tre/JireXXo/iat,  for  TrXypovfjiai, 
Treptepxo/j,ai  is  also  epic.  It  occurs  once  in  an  anapaestic  line  : 
Av.  696  (poetic),  cf.  Soph.  O.  T.  156.  II.  2,  551.  Od  11,  295. 
Alkaios  fr.  39.  Not  in  cl.  prose. 

repas  3>  5  as  meaning  "  portent."  Pax  42  (in  trim,  only  here). 
Av.  280.  Thes.  701  (parodic).  Ran.  1343,  1371  (all  lyric). 
The  usual  prose  word  is  0av/ia,  but  our  word  is  common  in  Hdt. 
In  Attic  prose  only  in  the  meaning  "  monster."  See  Kvo>Sa\ov. 


The  Language  of  Parody.  57 


T€Tpa7TT€pv\\i<}  u  for  aKpk  (Ach.  1116,  1117)  or  Trdpvoty  (Ach. 
150.  Av.  185,  588.  cf.  Pausanias  1,  24,  8)  :  Ach.  871. 

rer/jaTTTiXo?.1  Only  in  par.  :  Ach.  1082.  Probably  a  coined 
word.  See  Jungius  s.  v.,  and  the  Homeric  rerpa^aX^o?  and 
TerpaTrrepos  (Soph.  fr.  26). 

T€TTiyo<f>dpas.2  Eq.  1331.  For  like  terminations  see  Ach. 
567,  570.  Nub.  122,  336.  Ekkl.  645  (cf.  Eur.  Phoin.  119). 
Van  Leeuwen  (Eq.  1331)  gives  other  references. 

Tfyvao-fjka.3  Once  in  ptg.  :  Thes.  198  (Agathon).  Not  in  cl. 
prose  except  Xen.  Hell.  6,  4,  7,  and  only  twice  in  trag.  :  Eur. 
Or.  1052,  1560. 

rr)\avyri<t.1'2  Av.  1092,  1711  (ptg.).  Found  in  the  Homeric 
hymns,  Pindar  and  the  Anthology.  Once  in  trag.  :  Soph.  Tr.  524 
(lyric).  See  the  similar  word  Tt)\e(f>avii<;,  which  Ar.  has  only  in  a 
lyric  line  :  Nub.  281. 

TrjXeTropot.2  Only  in  the  title  of  a  song  by  the  poet  Kydias  : 
Nub.  967.  Cf.  Soph.  Ant.  983  (lyr.). 

TT/XoO  1>3  for  Troppo).  Once  in  par.  :  Nub.  138  (Eur.  fr.  884). 
Freq.  in  epos  and  4  times  in  tragedy. 

T7?i/eXXa.2  Never  in  trim.  :  Ach.  1227-1233.  Eq.  276.  Av. 
1764.  See  Pind.  O.  9,  2  and  Scholia.  Archil,  fr.  106. 

TX?7/ift>i>  1>3  for  raXa?,  a0\ios.  Mostly  in  lyric  or  parodic  lines  : 
Pax  723.  Thes.  1072  (par.  Eur.  fr.  115).  Ran.  85  (Herakles), 
1355  (Aisch.).  Plut.  603  (ptg.).  See  TroXi/rX^/ioz/e?  (Pax  236. 
ptg.).  In  trag.  it  occurs  about  75  times,  in  Homer  4,  Pindar  1. 
Prose:  Xen.  Comm.  1,  3,  11.  2,  1,  30  (both  vocative).  An.  3, 
1,  29.  Oik.  7,  40.  Nowhere  else  in  cl.  prose. 

To£evo>  (e'/e-)  3  in  the  metaph.  sense  "  to  have  no  resources  left," 
where  the  prose  word  is  cnropea)  :  Plut.  34  (tragic  rhythm).  Cf. 
Aisch.  Eum.  676.  Eur.  Andr.  365.  Cl.  Attic  prose:  only  once, 
and  in  its  literal  meaning  "  to  shoot  arrows  "  :  Xen.  An.  7,  8,  14. 

TofoTroteo).4'8  Lys.  8.  Not  in  cl.  prose.  For  the  usual  expres- 
sions see  Ach.  1069.  Nub.  582.  Plut.  756.  But  cf.  English 
"to  arch  the  brows." 

ro/oaw.3'8  Meaning  to  "utter  in  a  piercing  tone":  Pax  381 
(see  Schol.).  Still  it  is  found  in  this  sense  neither  in  Homer  nor 
extant  tragedy.  See  on 


58  The  Language  of  Parody. 


1     Only  in  hex.  :  Pax  1079  (parodic). 
for    e/iTm/ao?    (Ran.  811)  :  Nub.    869.     Vesp.    1429. 
This  meaning  found  in  cl.  prose  only  at  Hdt.  4,  74,  but  it  is  not 
rare  in  Eur. 

T/nSouXo?.3  Only  in  par.:  fr.  576  (cf.  Eur.  fr.  357.  Soph. 
O.  T.  1063). 

rpo^Xaro?.3  Only  in  ptg.  :  Ekkl.  1.  Cf.  Soph.  El.  49. 
Aisch.  fr.  161.  See  Jungius  s.  v. 

Tpv<j>d\eia1'8  for  Kpdvos.  Only  in  ptg.:  Ran.  1016  (Aisch.). 
See  on  Trrfk^.  See  Buttm.  Lexil.  s.  v. 

T/3i5^o93  for  pdiciov  or  pa/co?.  Ach.  418  (cf.  415).  In  no  prose 
before  Aristotle.  See  on  Xa/a9. 

Tv\r)  n  for  r/3a%7/Xo5,  w/io<?.     Ach.  860,  954  (both  by  Boiotian). 

Tvpfieva)3  for  Ocnrrw.  Only  in  ptg.  :  Thes.  885  (Eur.).  See 
foil,  words.  Not  in  cl.  prose. 

ry/i/3^/3?;?.3  Only  in  ptg.  :  Thes.  889  (Eur.).  In  trag.  not 
outside  of  Soph.,  nor  is  it  found  in  cl.  prose.  See  rvuftevco. 

Tt^/So?4  for  ra<£o9,  o^/ua.  Vesp.  1370  (cf.  Nub.  1273).  Lys. 
372  (=an  old  man.  Cf.  Eur.  Med.  1209.  Her.  167).  Ran. 
1139,  1172  (both  =  Aisch.  Cho.  4).  Prose:  Plato  Phaidros 
264  D  (an  epigram).  Legg.  872  B.  Hdt.  1,  45  (see  just  above). 
Common  in  epos  and  tragedy.  See  prec.  words. 

TV</>XO'W  (e«-).3'8  Plut.  301  (allusion  to  Kyklops).  fr.  569. 
Only  three  times  in  cl.  prose  :  Xen.  Eq.  10,  2.  Hdt.  4,  2. 
9,  93.  Not  in  Homer  or  Pindar,  and  rare  in  cl.  literature.  For 
the  cmpd.  see  under  irvvOdvo^ai  (e«-). 

TV)(r)pS)S  9  for  eTTtru^w?,  airb  ru^?;?,  Kara  TVfflv.  Ach.  250. 
Thes.  305.  Not  in  cl.  prose. 


X 

vypd*  for  6d\arra.  Once  in  anap.  tetr. :  Vesp.  678  (ptg.). 
Ribbeck  compares  II.  24,  341.  In  trag.  oft.  as  adj.  applied  to  the 
sea. 

vfj£vaida> J  for  <ya/j,ew.  Only  in  hex.  in  parodic  lines :  Pax 
1076,  1077,  1112.  Tragedy:  only  Aisch.  Pr.  557  (chor.)  and 
in  diff.  sense.  In  our  signif.  it  occurs  Theokr.  22,  179. 


The  Language  of  Parody.  59 


vTreprjvopewv1  for  vrreprifyavos.     Pax  53  (par.  II.  4,  176.     Od. 
17,  482,  etc.).     See  <yavpos. 

VTrepiJ,€ya<i3  for  vTrep/j.e'yedijs.     Eq.  158.     Not  in  cl.  prose.     See 
Rutherford  on  Babr.  47,  1. 

vTreprepos.*    Pax  52  (ptg.).    Av.  1765  (lyr.).     Lys.  772  (hex. 
mock-oracle).     Epic  and  tragic  word. 

fa-vow4'7  for  rcaOevSo).     Lys.  143  (Lamp.).     Pro^e  :  Hdt.  has 
Karinrvovv,  inrvovcrOai,  :  3,  69.    4,  8.    7,  15. 

V7ro7rre/309  1(  3.     Only  in  troch.  tetr.  and  par.:  Av.  787,  797. 
Thes.  1100  (Eur.  fr.  124).    Prose  :  Hdt.  3,  107  and  109.    Plato 
Phaidros  246  A.    ib.  256  B.     [Alk.]  135  E.    Krit.  116  D. 
Lys.  1001  (Spartan  herald). 

Only  in  hex.  :  Lys.  773  (mock-oracle). 


Only  in  hex.  :  Pax  1094.  The  comic  effect  consists 
in  the  union  of  high-sounding  adj.  with  lowly  substantive  (K&dwv). 
We  were  expecting  the  Homeric  Se7ra9.  Pindar  uses  it  freq.  in 
the  form  faevvos.  So  in  trag.  Not  in  prose  where  Xa/*7rpo9  is  the 
word. 

<£ao<? 4  for  <£«<?.  Only  in  par.  or  lyric  lines :  Ach.  1185  (cf.  trag. 
fr.  adesp.  45).  Eq.  973.  Ran.  1529  (Aisch.  fr.  36).  Av.  1748. 
Prose  :  Xen.  Oik.  9,  3.  Plato  Krat.  407  C  (poetic).  See  <j>vyyo<s 
(Eq.  1319.  Ran.  445,  455.  Plut.  640). 

<f>dpos l'3  for  Ifjtdriov.  Once  in  ptg.  :  Thes.  890.  Prose :  Hdt. 
2,  122.  9,  109. 

<f>lrv*  for  WTVIM.  Only  in  par. :  Pax  1164  (cf.  Soph.  fr.  803). 
fr.  297  (cf.  Aisch.  fr.  56). 

faivios 3  and  <^>oWo?  for  favucos.  Only  in  par.  and  lyric  parts  : 
Av.  345  (just  after  a  par.).  Thes.  694  (see  Bakhuyzen).  Ran. 
1337  (bis.,  par.).  Freq.  in  Eur. 

(f>pd£o(j,ail  for  ovco7reo/u,ai.  Only  in  hex.:  Eq.  1015,  1030, 
1058,  1067.  Pax  1099  (see  Ribbeck  for  sources).  Not  in  cl. 
Attic  prose,  but  it  occurs  in  Ionic  prose  and  trag. 

<j>pijv.'1' 3     With  the  exception  of  4  places  Ar.  uses  this  word 


60  The  Language  of  Parody. 

only  in  hex.  or  lyric  lines,  par.  or  ptg.  These  exceptions  are : 
Nub.  153.  Lys.  432.  Thes.  291.  Ran.  534  (the  last  three 
being  in  the  phrase  vovs  teal  ^/aeVe?).  The  other  occurrences  are  : 
Ach.  445  (par.  Eur.  1.  A.  67).  Eq.  1052,  1237.  Nub.  437. 
Pax  1031,  1068  (par.),  1099  (ptg.).  Av.  429  (ptg.),  457,  938, 
1238  (cf.  trag.  fr.  adesp.  48),  1376,  1445  (par.  cf.  Eur.  El.  177). 
Lys.  708  (ptg.).  Thes.  275  (par.  Eur.  Hel.  466).  Ran.  101 
(ptg.),  102  (ptg.),  876,  886  (par.  Eur.  Hel.  466),  899.  Ekkl. 
571.  Plut  581.  See  Rutherford  N.  P.,  p.  9. 

^picro-G)1  as  meaning  "to  bristle."  Only  in  hex.:  Ran.  822 
(parodic.  Cf.  II.  13,  473.  Od.  19,  446).  In  the  signif.  "to 
shudder  at"  Nub.  1133,  and  in  cl.  prose. 

(frpovSos  3  for  etcTToScov  (freq.  in  Ar.) :  Ach.  210,  470.  Nub. 
718,  719  (both  par.  Cf.  Eur.  Hek.  161),  722.  Pax  197.  Lys. 
106.  Thes.  691,  794.  Ran.  94,  305,  1343  (ptg:).  Ekkl.  311, 
341,  950.  fr.  379.  The  tragic  tone  will  be  readily  seen  in  most 
of  the  passages  cited.  <f>povSo<;  is  common  in  Eur.  (cf.  Ar.  Ran. 
1343).  In  cl.  prose  only  Antiphon  V,  29  (=  e/cTro&w/). 

</>OXoi>4'8  for  </>fX?7,  eOvos,  yevos.  Once  in  anap.  tetr.,  and  else- 
where only  in  lyric  lines :  Av.  231,  251,  253,  687,  777,  1088, 
1756  (cf.  1063).  Prose:  Plato  freq.  Xen.  Kyr.  1,  1,  5.  ib.  5, 
2  etc.  Autiphon  IV,  2. 

c^Xom?.1  Only  in  hex. :  Pax  1076  (par.  cf.  II.  18,  241.  6, 
107).  Once  in  trag. :  Soph.  El.  1072. 

</>o>?  1'3  for  avrjp.  Only  in  par.  or  ptg.  :  Pax  528  (Eur.  fr.  727). 
Thes.  1040  (Eur.  fr.  122).  Ran.  820.  Never  in  cl.  prose. 

X 

7  for  ayaOds.    Lys.  90,  91  (double  meaning),  1157. 
^Xaro?.3    Only  in  troch.  tetr.  :  Ran.  929  (ptg.). 
'Xa\Ko$d\apa.1' 3    Once  in  a  par.  :  Ach.  1072  (cf.  Eur.  Troad. 
520).    Coined  in  imit.  of  epic  and  tragic  words.    See  Jungius  s.  v. 
%0oW><?.1>3     Only  in  the  higher  tone:    Av.    1745   (par.     See 
Ribbeck  for  sources),  1750  (see  Kock  for  the  meaning).     Ran. 
1126,  1138  (both  =  Aisch.  Cho.  1),  1145,  1148.   fr.  500  (par.). 
It  is  used  by  Hesiod,  Pindar  and  Tragg.     Several  times  in  Plato. 


The  Language  of  Parody.  61 

4  for  rpv<f>dct).  Only  in  troch.  tetr.  :  Lys.  640.  Not  in 
cl.  prose,  but  %XtS?7  occurs  in  Plato,  Xen.,  Hdt. 

^0X09  1>3' 5  for  %oX^.  Only  in  hex.  :  Ran.  814  (of  Aisch.).  In 
cl.  prose  by  Hdt.  only. 

X/3609 3  in  the  sense  "  fatalis  calamitas "  is  poetic  (so  Van 
Leeuwen  ad  Nub.  30).  Ar.  has  it  only  in  par. :  Ach.  454  (Eur. 
fr.  717),  455.  Nub.  30  (Eur.  fr.  1011).  In  this  last  there  is  a 
play  upon  the  double  meaning  "need"  and  "debt." 

XPV&4'5  for  /3ov\oficu.  Ach.  734  (Doric  form).  Nub.  359, 
453  (cf.  439,  454),  891  (par.  cf.  Eur.  fr.  722).  Thes.  751. 
Prose  :  Thuk.  3,  109,  2.  Xen.  and  Hdt.  have  it. 

Xpdvtos 1>3  Only  in  par.  and  lyric  lines:  Thes.  912  (=Eur. 
Hel.  574).  Ran.  347  (=  "enduring  for  a  long  while  " — So  Thuk. 
1,  141,  7.  cf.  6,  31,  3.  Plato  Legg.  855  B).  These  are  the  only 
exx.  in  cl.  prose. 

Xpvo-avyijs.3  Only  in  ptg.  :  Av.  1710  (cf.  trag.  fr.  adesp.  49). 
Cf.  Soph.  O.  C.  685. 

^puo-^'XaTo?.3  Only  in  par.  :  Plut.  9  (trag.  fr.  adesp.  61).  Oft. 
in  Eur. 

XP<*1'3  for  xpotd  (Nub.  718,  1012,  1016,  1171.  Plut.  1020). 
Only  in  par.  :  Lys.  127  (see  Bakhuyzen).  Ran.  1312  (cf.  Eur.  fr. 
856).  Ar.  also  uses  xptipa,  "skin,"  "complexion"  (Eq.  399. 
Nub.  120.  Thes.  406).  Xen.  has  %/aw  Oik.  10,  5.  Symp.  4,  54 
(—  corpus). 

^&>pt£a>  (Sta-).3  Only  in  par. :  Thes.  14  (Eur.).  Prose:  Sicucpivo) 
or  Siaipeo)  (Aischin.  3,  56).  See  Bakhuyzen,  p.  109. 

%<ypo9 4>  5  for  %to/3a,  ^eoptoy.  Once  in  hex.  :  Lys.  770  (oracle). 
Prose:  Xen.  and  Hdt.  freq.  Antiphon  III  /3  8  (dub.  1.). 
[Plato]  Ax.  371  C  and  E.  Often  in  epos  and  trag. 


•ty-atpo)  (Sta-).3'8  Once  in  ptg.:  Av.  1717  (messenger).  Cf. 
trag.  fr.  adesp.  49.  Elsewhere :  Eur.  fr.  926  (diff.  sense). 
Hermippos  A0.  4. 


62       .  The  Language  of  Parody. 


l  for  ovraxj.    Only  in  anap.  tetr.  :  Av.  702. 

for  ty/mio?  (Ekkl.  616)  :  Ach.  272  (see  Schol.).  Plut. 
963  (double  meaning),  fr.  235.  Never  in  cl.  prose.  See  Krates 
incert.  4. 


LIFE. 


I  was  born  November  11,  1875,  at  Quincy,  Illinois,  and 
received  my  early  training  there  in  the  public  schools.  Prepared 
for  college  by  private  instruction  at  the  hands  of  the  Rev.  John 
Porter,  of  Jesus  College,  Cambridge,  the  first  two  years  of  my 
college  life  were  passed  at  Hobart  College,  Geneva,  N.  Y.,  the 
last  two  at  the  University  of  Pennsylvania,  where  I  received  the 
A.  B.  degree  in  1898.  Two  years  of  study  ensued  in  the  Phil- 
adelphia Divinity  School,  and  the  Union  Theological  Seminary  in 
New  York  City.  During  the  year  1900—01  I  taught  the  classics 
at  St.  George's  School,  Newport,  R.  I.  The  following  year  and 
a  half  was  taken  up  in  foreign  travel  and  study  at  the  Universities 
of  Berlin  and  Munich.  The  second  and  third  year  of  my  graduate 
work  were  continued  at  the  Leland  Stanford  University,  Palo 
Alto,  California,  where  I  took  the  M.  A.  degree  in  1903.  In 
October,  1904,  I  came  to  the  Johns  Hopkins  University,  Balti- 
more, and  continued  my  studies  in  Greek,  Latin,  and  Italian. 
To  Drs.  Gildersleeve,  Smith  and  Miller  of  Johns  Hopkins,  and  to 
Dr.  Murray  of  Leland  Stanford  University,  I  desire  to  express 
my  gratitude  for  the  help  and  inspiration  they  have  given  me. 


EDWARD  WILLIAM  HOPE. 


Johns  Hopkins  University, 
March  31,  1905. 


University  of  California 

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